The complaint alleges that on or about December 16, 1905, the New York Investment and Improvement Company deposited with the defendant $75,000 which the defendant received and agreed to hold for the use of the New York Investment and Improvement Company, and to pay the same on demand or upon its order, with interest at the rate of two and one-half per cent per annum;, that the plaintiff has been appointed receiver of the New York Investment and Improvement Company in an action; that he demanded from the defendant said sum with interest, but' that it has neglected and refused to pay said sum or any part thereof, except $69.04. The answer avers that the defendant had paid $70,000 on the check of plaintiff’s company on December 29, 1905, and $5,000 on January 2, 1906.
It appears that on December 11, 1905, a resolution was duly passed by the directors of the New York Investment and Improvement Company directing the president and treasurer to deposit certain moneys with the Guardian Trust Company, and providing “that all checks, drafts or other orders for the *736payment of money shall he signed by the president and countersigned by the treasurer. of the Company, unless the board of directors shall, by resolution, authorize other or additional officers to sign or countersign the same.” On December 16 1905, the company, by its president, Charles L. Spier, duly deposited $75,000 with the defendant. At the time of the deposit there was delivered to the defendant' a certified copy of the resolution passed by the directors and a card containing the authorized signatures of the president and treasurer.
The court found that on or about December 29, 1905, said Spier drew on said account a'check for $70,000 in form as prescribed by said resolution, but in fact genuine as to his signature, and forged as to that of Lauterbach, treasurer of the company, and then known by said Spier to be so forged, with a similar finding as to a check for $5,000, the date of payment being stated as prior to May 5, ,1906; that upon the faith of said checks in due course of .business, without knowledge of the forgery of the signature of- the treasurer, and without notice to put it upon inquiry, defendant paid said Spier said checks; that on May 5, 1906, said Spier requested defendant to balance said pass book, which it did, showing the debit of said $75,000, together with $69.04 interest-to December thirtieth, less the two checks for $75,000, leaving a balance of $69.04 as of May 5, 1906, and defendant then and there delivered to said Spier the pass book, together with the said two vouchers, and he gave a receipt for the same as follows: “ Received pass book balanced to May 5th, 1906, and two vouchers as- per fist. New York Investment & Improvement Company, by Charles L. Spier, President. - Dated May 5th, 1906; ” that said pass book so balanced came- into the possession of the treasurer of the company, said Lauterbach, on or about May 7, 1906, but without the two said vouchers; that the evidence discloses no trace of said two vouchers subsequent to their delivery to said Spier on May 5, 1906; that on May 17, 1907, said plaintiff demanded of ■defendant payment of said deposit with interest thereon; that the defendant was not notified of the forgery by the depositor qr its receiver within one year after its return of the vouchers. And as a-conclusion of law, that on May 5, 1906, -the account between the defendant and the said company was stated and *737the balance struck, whereby it became indebted to said company in the sum of $69.04; that plaintiff can only open said account for fraud or mistake, which it has not done; that “according to the allegations and proofs” the two forged checks were returned to the depositor on May 5, .1906, and the depositor failed to notify the defendant of the forgeries within one year thereafter, and directed judgment for $69.04, the admitted interest due.
The appellant claims that section 326 of the Negotiable Instruments Law is in effect a statute of limitations, and to be available must be pleaded. Not having been specifically pleaded, it is not available here. To which the answer is made that the facts are pleaded which make the statute apply and that there was no necessity of pleading it specifically; that it is not a statute of. limitations but a condition.
The complaint states a full and complete common-law cause of action, the deposit of a sum of money with a trust company, organized under the Banking Law of the State of New York, under an agreement to pay said amount on demand to or upon the order of the depositor with interest at the stipulated rate; that plaintiff demanded the said sum with accrued interest, which defendant refused to pay except for the sum of sixty-nine dollars and four cents.
Defendant upon the trial, and now, relies for its defense upon section 326 of the Negotiable Instruments Law: “No bank shall be liable to a depositor for the payment by it of a forged or raised check, unless within one year after the return to the depositor of the voucher of such payment, such depositor shall notify the bank that the check so paid was forged or raised.” (Gen. Laws, chap. 50 [Laws of 1897, chap. 612], § 326, added by Laws of 1904, chap. 287; now Consol. Laws, chap. 38 [Laws of 1909, chap. 43], § 326.) In my opinion no such defense was alleged in the answer.
The third separate defense alleges that the check of $70,000 drawn on this defendant on December 29, 1905, bore what purported to be the signatures of Charles L. Spier and Alfred Lauterbach; that “ long subsequent ” to the occurrences here-inbefore alleged claim was made upon defendant by or in *738plaintiff’s behalf that the signature of said Alfred Lauterbach was forged by the said Spier, and that the latter took and converted to his own use the proceeds of said check and that because of such forgery and conversion defendant was still' indebted to said New York Investment and Improvement Company, or to this plaintiff; that on information and belief it denies that the facts are as set forth in said claim, but that Spier on behalf of said company agreed on its behalf to loan $70,000 to a business firm; that he indorsed and paid over said check to said firm in pursuance of said agreement bf loan; that said firm executed and delivered their promissory note or other agreement to repay said sum and that on January 29, 1906, said firm paid their said note or obligation to said company.
It will be noted it is not alleged how “long' subsequent” this claim was made. The defense that Spier loaned the said sum to a business firm which gave a note therefor to the said company which' on January 29, 1906, paid said note, certainly does not suggest that defendant intended to rely on section 326. •.
The fourth separate defense alleges that the check for $70,000 drawn on December 29, 1905, bore what purported to be, and what with due care defendant beliéved to be, the signatures of Spier and Lauterbach; that on receipt of said balanced pass book and vouchers, the New York Investment and Improvement Company made no examination of said account or vouchers, or any effort whatsoever to discover the validity of said vouchers, nor did it make any such examination or effort within a reasonable time thereafter, but wholly failed so to do and failed to notify defendant that the name of its said treasurer to said check for $70,000 was a forgery, until oh or about May 17, 1907, when this plaintiff claimed payment as in the complaint set forth; that if said company had examined its said pass book and vouchers within á reasonable time, by the exercise of' the slightest care the said alleged forgery would have been discovered; that had such forgery been made known to defendant within a reasonable time after the discovery thereof defendant would have been able to recoup itself for the full amount thereof from moneys then in the hands of the said Spier, or to which he was .entitled. In short, what is set *739up is a plea of estoppel in pais due to the negligence of the company in not examining the vouchers with due diligence and consequent detriment to the defendant in that it was thereby prevented from recouping itself.
The proof wholly failed to establish this defense. I do not think it possible to transform this defense clearly pleaded in estoppel, baséd upon ‘the doctrine of Critten v. Chemical National Bank (171 N. Y. 219), into a defense based upon the statute now relied upon. These are the only parts of the answer which give any color to the claim that the statute has been pleaded, or that facts are. sufficiently averred to bring the case thereunder. . •
We must decide, then, whether section 326 of the Negotiable Instruments Law is a statute which must be pleaded in defense in order to be availed of, like the Statute of Limitations, the Statute of Frauds and other like statutes, or is a condition precedent which must be pleaded by the plaintiff and avoided by h im .
The respondent claims that it is a condition, and likens it to the provisions of law requiring notice to be served within a given time after an accident as a condition precedent to the right of action given against a municipality to recover damages' caused by its negligence. The appellant answers that if it be interpreted to be such a statute it is unconstitutional, for no such requirement can be attached as a condition precedent to a common-law action against private individuals.
In MacMullen v. City of Middletown (187 N. Y. 37) the court had under consideration the constitutionality of a statute requiring notice to a municipal corporation in a negligence case and the claim was there raised that if it was a condition precedent it was unconstitutional. The court, basing its argument upon the fact that municipal corporations were creatures of statute, which were political or governmental agencies of the State and to which had been delegated a portion of the sovereign power for the public good, said: “ The power to grant ór to deny a remedy by private action for. the breach of a duty imposed upon it for governmental purposes, and to affix conditions, where the right to an action is given, is not one which should be called in question,” and cited with approval *740Curry v. City of Buffalo (135 N. Y. 366): “ ‘The whole matter of the maintenance Of this class.of actions was within the control of the Legislature. It could refuse a right of action against municipalities for such injuries and it could impose.any conditions precedent to the maintenance of such actions.5” Again:
‘ ‘ In the case of those quasi municipal corporations, constituting political divisions of the State for convenience of government and which existed without special charters, the common law gave no right of action in such a case as this.”
I think this statute is of the class covered by the rule summed up in Crane v. Powell (139 N. Y. 379): “The Statute of Frauds is a shield which a party may use or not for his protection just as he may use the Statute of Limitations, the statute against usury, that against betting and gaming, and others that might be mentioned. ' I take it to be-a general rule of universal application that the statutes last mentioned are not available to a party unless specifically- pleaded, and there is no reason for making the Statute of .Frauds an exception to the rule. The present system of procedure is founded upon the idea that litigants should, when possible, know in advance the precise questions they must meet' at the trial. When a contract is set out in the complaint as the cause of action, and the defendant intends to assail it on some special or statutory ground, the general spirit of the system is not complied with unless notice is given of .this intention .to the opposing party by the plead.ings.” ■ This point is emphasized by the fact that in the case at bar the defendant did not content itself with its general denial, but set up five separate defenses which it felt itself authorized to interpose. As this defense was not included, it is. fair to conclude that it was not in the pleader’s mind.
My personal view, therefore, is that it was a fatal error to dispose, of this case upon the ground that the statute cited was a complete bar, for no such defense was tendered by the answer and so was not available upon the trial.
As my brethren differ.with me — and among themselves — upon the two. propositions, that is, first, whether .the statute must be pleaded as a defense; and, second, whether facts have . been sufficiently alleged to make the statute available though not specifically pleaded, I deem it my duty after thus stating *741my personal views, to waive them and decide the appeal upon grounds which commend themselves to a majority of the court.
Two other questions have been argued at bar: First, appellant claims that assuming the statute can be availed of, there is no proof that the vouchers were ever returned to the company; that its president having undertaken to defraud it, he was no longer its agent and delivery to him was not delivery to it. We think this contention unsound. The trust company had received the deposit from the company at the hands of its president accompanied with a certified copy of the resolution of its hoard of directors authorizing said deposit to be drawn out on checks signed by the president and treasurer and had delivered to him its pass hook; that president had left the pass hook-with the company to he balanced and to him the pass hook when balanced, and the vouchers, had been returned. As a corporation must act by agents, with what agent could the trust company, ignorant of the facts, more safely deal than the'presi-' dent, duly certified by the board of directors of the company ? No bank could safely carry the account of any corporation if the rule claimed by appellant should be established.
Further, Spier delivered the pass book to the treasurer, Lauterbach, and he made inquiries of Mr. Haynes, the secretary of the Guardian Trust Company, of the way in which the money had been drawn and was told that it had been drawn by Spier on two checks. Mr. Lauterbach knew of the resolution providing for his signature to checks. He .testified: “I never signed my name to any check, voucher or draft or other instrument for the payment of money in connection with or relating to the account of the New York Investment & Improvement Company with the Guardian Trust Company.” Having the pass book in his’possession showing the withdrawal of the money and knowing that he had never signed any check, he did not at any time ^say to Mr. Haynes or at any time to any officer of the defendant that any check that had been paid by the defendant had been forged. The president had received the vouchers, the treasurer had deceived the pass book balanced and knew that such balance was the result of a forgery. We cannot say that no delivery of the vouchers had been' made to the corporation when they had been in fact *742delivered to the president, who was clothed with apparent authority to receive them, and the treasurer had been advised, thereof by the president.
Second. The learnéd court excluded evidence of a conversation between Lauterbach, the treasurer, and Barber, a member of the firm' of Hotchkiss & Barber, the elected counsel of the defendant, and himself a director and a member of the - executive committee of the defendant, had a very short time after the seventh of May,, when the pass book and vouchers were, returned to the company. If that evidence was competent, appellant claims an issue of fact would have been presented as to whether the defendant had received notice within the year .which would have prevented the court passing upon the case as matter of law. The question is, was notice to Barber under the circumstances of this case such notice to the defendant as would .take the- case without the- section of the Negotiable Instruments Law cited ?
Mr. Lauterbach testified that he had two interviews with Mr. Barber, of the firm of Hotchkiss and Barber, “ who now appear here as the attorneys for the Guardian Trust Company,” in the latter part of May or the early part of June, 1906. The evidence which was excluded was as follows: “I called Mr. Barber .up. I said to him that I would like to have an interview with him in regal’d to- the Spier situation. ⅜ ⅜ ⅜ ’ He said in reply he would be very glad to see me in regard to it, and a definite appointment was made.” After they got together, he said: “We first discussed, I think,, the question of views as to what the cause of Mr. Spier’s death was; then discussed Mr. Spier’s financial operations generally. We talked about the .situation' that existed with Keéch, Loew & Co., and I then stated to Mr. Barber, that I was placed in — I said substantially — I do not know the identical words —■ that I was placed in a most awkward predicament in regard to the matter; that I had received a ‘communication from Spier after his death which he had asked" me. to keep sacredly confidential, * ⅜ ⅜ ■ which for Spier’s sake I as his friend was anxious to keep silent in regard to — but that under the circumstances I felt that it was my duty to inform him as counsel for the Guardian Trust Company of the nature of the document. *743⅜ ⅜ ⅜ [He said] he would be glad to see it. I thereupon showed him what I have designated the document, which, was a letter which I had found on my desk on my arrival, at my office on Monday, May 7th: ⅜ ⅜ ⅜ ‘My dear A. L. I want to hand you herewith two policies amounting to $75,000 made out to your order as Trustee. In case anything should happen to me will you dispose of the proceeds as follows:
“ ‘Pay into the Guardian Trust Co. for °/c N. T.
I. and I. Co... $68,067.09
“ ‘ To Eugene B. Howell...... 2,500.
“ ‘ To my wife Dot W. Spier.;. 4,432.91
“‘Total. $75,000.00
“ ‘In accordance with the resolution of the Board of Directors of Dec. 11/05, I have paid out as follows:
“ ‘To settlement of judgment against 1ST. Y. I. and.
I. Co., with costs and interest..... $2,932.91
“ ‘To 0. L. S. for services as per resolution. 4,000.
$6,932.91
“ ‘There is due the Richmond L. and R. R. Co. for advances the sum of $1048.75 and to Davies, Stone & Auerbach $7185.61, with interest at 5% from Mar. 22/97. A. 0. Beebe claims .$2400 for services. He might be paid $2000.00. With the above matters paid off the balance should be divided among the stockholders, as there are no other debts outstanding. If you can consistently carry this matter out for me and keep the facts to yourself you would confer a lasting obligation upon me. Will you do so? Appreciating anything you will do, I am, Sincerely yours, Charles L. Spier. I turn over to you as Treasurer the stock of the Eerry Co. vouchers and such books as I have.’ * ⅜ ⅜ I said to Mr. Barber that I thought it would be well if he could get the details of the transaction in- some way, to find out exactly how the money had been paid to Mr. Spier. The $75,000. * * * In the discussion of the letter I stated to Mr. Barber that Spier had left the two insurance policies in this same envelope aggregating $75,000; that he had insured his life for the purpose of making good his *744defalcations. I think I ⅜ ⅜ ⅜ remarked that he. was faithful to his employer even though he had taken the $75,000 from the Investment and Improvement Company, hut that he had tried, to restore it, and had sacrificed his life to do so, by insuring it for $75,000 ⅜ * * getting an incontestable policy and in a company which did not contest on the ground of. suicide. ⅜ -»■ ⅜ q What have you said, or what did you. say at that interview to Mr. Barber, particularly in respect of this deposit, of $75,000 with the Guardian Trust Company and the entries in the pass hook ? A. I stated that Mr. Spier must .have forged my name to the check to have drawn it out. ⅜ ⅜ ⅜ I stated that he had embezzled; that he had evidently embezzled moneys ⅜ * * and that he had stolen from the Investment and Improvement Company the $75,000 which had been deposited to the credit of the New York Investment and Improvement Company with the Guardian Trust Company. * ⅜ * My impression is I stated to Mr. Barber at this interview that I did not think that Spier was the sort of man who was a forger and that I was very much astonished when I found the pass hook on my desk. * ⅜ ⅜ I stated to him that I had never signed a check for it, and that, my name must have been forged in the voucher, and. we hadn’t any. vouchers — that there were no vouchers, with the pass hook.. I told him that I had learned ⅜ ⅜ ⅜ at my conversation with Mr. Haynes, that Spier had visited the Guardian Trust Company on the Saturday prior to his death. That was May 5th, 1906, * * ⅜ and had asked for the pass hook of the New York Investment and Improvement Company and that it had been returned to him with the two vouchers. ⅜ ⅜ ■⅜ I suggested that it would be well to find out what -the exact transaction was from the Guardian Trust Company and find out if it had been — to see what became of the check, and trace it through the various hanks, if possible, and Mr. Barber said that he would make an effort to learn those facts; and that he would communicate with me again and try to find out.” . .
The plaintiff attempted to1 show that the defendant had received actual'notice: He called Mr. Haynes, the secretary of the Guardian Trust Company, but he testified that while he had an interview with Mr. Lauterhach, the treasurer, within *745a very short time after the 5th of May, 1906, and a few days after Mr. Spier’s suicide or death, that Mr. Lauterbach had only asked to see the signature cards and resolution of the New York Investment and Improvement Company; that he “did not say anything to me to the effect that any check that had been paid-by our company was forged.” That so far as he personally knew the demand made by the receiver on May 17, 1907, was the first notice received by the defendant of any objection to the account in this pass book. He further testified as to meetings of the board of directors and meetings of the executive committee at which Mr. Barber was present, four of which occurred in May, 1906. “At none of these last four meetings that I have mentioned was any. reference made to Mr. Spier and no reference was made to the New York Investment & Improvement Company. I do not find in the minutes of the month of June that the name of Mr. Spier or the New York Investment <& Improvement Company appears. ⅜ * * j ¿0 not see either of those names in the minutes of the directors’ meetings for the months of May and June. I had no intimation myself prior to May 17th, 1907, that the authenticity of the signatures on these alleged checks was questioned.”
Mr. Barber, called by the plaintiff, testified that in 1904 the Guardian Trust Company made a loan to certain underwriters of the Yetman Typewriting Company,- of which Spier was president and a subscriber to the underwriting syndicate which he had got together, to the extent of $15,000. Lauterbach was a subscriber to the extent of $5,000 and several of Mr. Spier’s friends and associates, the aggregate underwriting being $80,000; that after the death of Mr. Spier there came to him within a few days the information from Mr. Yetman that Mr. Spier had left two insurance policies aggregating $75,000, payable to Alfred Lauterbach, trustee; that at that time the trust company had pending suits on this underwriting against Ml*. Spier and Mr. Lauterbach and several, of the other underwriters; that he had called up Mr. Lauterbach’s office in the latter part of the week following Mr. Spier’s death, but that Lauterbach was out; that the next Monday he went to Mr. Lauterbach’s office, pursuant to an appointment made upon his, Barber’s, request; that he initiated the interview with Mr. *746Lauterbach himself; that he went to him as the representative of the Guardian Trust Company and interviewed him in regard to the existence of some life insurance policies; that Lauterbach collected the insurance money on Saturday and that Barber was at his office the following Monday, May fourteenth. Mr. Lauterbach told him that the money had been paid to him the Saturday before; that Lauterbach had showéd him a letter addressed to him from Spier; that is, the letter that created the trust; that he learned that there was no trust fund created for this underwriting indebtedness. . cc in my communications with. other officers and directors of the Guardian Trust Company in reference to the underwriting claim, I did not make any reference to this trust fund.”
That is, the appellant undertook the burden of showing that the information which he claims that Lauterbach gave to Barber that the checks were forged was actually communicated to the company. This he failed to do and must rely, therefore, upon the proposition that notice to Barber was notice to the company. :
Beading all of this evidence together, I think that the conversation stated by Lauterbach to have been had with Barber did not constitute notice to the defendant and hence was properly rejected. Barber, it is true, was a ■ director and a member of the executive committee, but while notice to the board of directors is notice to the corporation, notice to one director, not communicated to the board, is not. Where notice is required to be given to a bank it seems to me that a real notice is intended, addressed to its officers. While it is not prescribed in the statute hów the notice is to be given, it is required that the depositor “ shall notify the bank.” Barber denies that any such conversation took place and testified that his' interview was upon an entirely different matter, to wit, a pending suit against the Yetman Typewriting Syndicate and that while he did see the letter from Spier to Lauterbach, which established that Spier was an embezzler, he was not in any way at the time representing the company in relation to the 'New York Investment and Improvement Company account, and that he never communicated the information received to any officer of the company.
*747It seems to me that we must hold, in the absence of proof that Barber was engaged as an agent of the company in that particular matter, or had communicated his knowledge to the officers or the board of directors, or that Lauterbach had given him the information with the purpose of notifying the company that the checks were forged, and with the intention that Barber should communicate said notice to the officers or board of directors,' that Barber’s personal knowledge was not attributable to the company. “The directors of a corporation are not individually its agents for the transaction of its ordinary business which is usually delegated to its executive officers such as its president, secretary, treasurer and the like. ⅜ ⅜ ⅜ Notice to them when assembled as a board would undoubtedly be notice to the corporation. Such notice to an individual director which is in fact communicated to the board by him is notice to the corporation for this thus becomes notice to the board. But it is well settled, as a general rule, that mere private knowledge of one or more individual directors concerning any business of the corporation (as to which such director has then no special duty or authority to act, or upon which he does not subsequently act with such knowledge in his mind and which he does not communicate to the board), is not to be imputed to the corporation. ” (Meachem Agency, 150, 151. See, also, Casco National Bank v. Clark, 139 N. Y. 307; Merchants’ National Bank v. Clark, Id. 314.)
As a majority of the court agree that the bank did not receive notice of .the forgery within one year after the payment- and the return of the vouchers, the judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs and disbursements to the respondent.
The order permitting the answer to be amended should also be affirmed,
Scott, J., and Ingraham P. J., dissented.