Every public official is presumed to have acted lawfully and to have performed his duties in good faith. The complaint must be read in connection with this presumption. It contains no allegation of bad faith or fraud on the part of the agent and warden or clerk, and does not allege that they relied upon or were deceived by any statement or representation of the defendants. It was prepared by skilled lawyers, who evidently stated the facts in the most favorable manner. The fact that the appellant has appealed from the order instead of amending the complaint, indicates that the facts do not permit an amendment or that it is deemed more important to settle a question of practice than to try the case on its merits.
Under section 132 of the Prison Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 43; Laws of 1909, chap. 47) the agent and warden may supply the prisons with necessary articles for maintenance “either by contract or by purchase ” as shall he directed by the Superintendent of State Prisons. Under the first alleged cause of action there evidently was no contract for the furnishing of coal from time to time, but the transactions were “by purchase.”
Section 136 of the Prison Law contemplates that the agent and warden, at the time he receives articles purchased, shall receive also a bill of the purchase, and that the clerk shall enter the bill in the books at the time of the receipt of the articles, “and in case the articles received do not agree in all respects with the invoice, he shall immediately notify the agent and warden of such discrepancy, and note in his book the discrepancy, whether in weight, quantity or quality.” And by section 127 the agent and warden is required to make a monthly statement of his receipts and expenditures, specifying the items thereof, to which must he attached the affidavit of the clerk certifying “ that the articles contained in such bill *125were received at the prison, and that they conformed in all respects to the invoice of the goods received and entered by him, both in quality and quantity.”
It is thus apparent that all articles purchased must be examined by the agent and warden and the clerk, and each is required to see that there is no discrepancy in the quality or quantity and that they comply with the bill accompanying the delivery. Evidently the kind of coal and the price were agreed upon. The officers were derelict in their duty if they left to a vendor to determine what quality of goods he should deliver and what price he should charge therefor. It is not alleged that the State did not get the kind of coal it purchased, or that it paid more for the coal than it was actually worth, or more than the agreed price. It is simply alleged that the coal delivered was “of an inferior quality and grade, and of a value of one dollar per ton less than pea coal.” That is the only allegation as to the kind of coal or the value of any kind of coal. The only other fact alleged is that the defendants presented verified claims for the ■ coal, describing it as pea coal, and that said claims in that respect were knowingly false and fraudulent and that they received pay on said claims.
It was the duty of the agent and warden to inspect the coal when delivered and to ascertain that it was the kind bought. We must assume that duty was performed. If upon examination the coal delivered was found to be the coal purchased it is quite immaterial, so far as the plaintiff’s claim for damages is concerned, how the coal was described in the claims presented. The actual purchase, delivery and acceptance of the coal are what fixed the rights of the State.
For its second cause of action it is alleged that pursuant to advertisements for furnishing egg anthracite coal the defendants’ bid of four dollars and seventy-five cents per gross ton was accepted by the Prison Department as the lowest bid. That a contract was actually made between the agent and warden and the defendants for the furnishing of grate coal at that price, grate coal being worth thirty-five cents per ton less than egg coal, and that the coal was delivered and paid for pursuant to the contract. It alleges that the defendants wrongfully, fraudulently and unlawfully, and contrary to the terms of the *126bid, caused and induced the agent and warden to enter into the above contract.
Under section 132 of the Prison Law, after a bid is accepted, a contract is to be made, if the bidder gives satisfactory security, unless the Superintendent shall deem it best to decline all proposals and advertise again. Therefore, the advertisement and the making and the acceptance of the bid were not in themselves the contract. The complaint does not allege any fact showing any fraud or wrong upon the part of the defendants, or which indicates any wrong or bad faith upon the part of the prison officials. If the defendants fraudulently overreached their judgment the facts by which the result was accomplished should be alleged. The complaint alleges a conclusion, without a statement of facts sustaining it. If coal had advanced in price, or egg coal was not available, or the defendants had refused to enter into a contract according to their bid and the State was forced to contract for the other kind of coal, perhaps the pleader would have felt justified in claiming that the defendants had acted fraudulently, wrongfully and unlawfully and thereby procured the making of the contract. The only effect of the allegation as to the accepted bid is to indicate that the contract actually entered into was unlawful because not made pursuant to a regular bid. If we assume the contract as made was unlawful for that reason, it does not follow that the plaintiff has a cause of action upon the facts alleged. Each delivery pf grate coal pursuant to the alleged contract would either be deemed a separate purchase at the contract price or on a quantum meruit. The mere fact that the defendants had prior to that time offered to furnish a more valuable coal at four dollars and seventy-five cents a ton, does not indicate that at the time the coal in question was furnished it was not of that value. There is no allegation as to what the coal was worth, or that it was worth less than the price paid.
The third alleged cause of action proceeds upon the theory that the defendants by contract were to furnish five thousand tons of egg anthracite coal at four dollars and ninety-five cents per ton, hut that they delivered six thousand and fifty tons of grate coal, which was in fact worth fifty-five cents per ton less *127than egg coal, and presented a hill for egg coal; that the claim so presented was knowingly false, fraudulent and unlawful, and that the defendants unlawfully caused and induced the agent and warden to pay the false and fraudulent claim.
This was evidently an executory contract to deliver coal in the future. We may fairly assume that the difference between grate coal and egg coal is apparent on inspection. The deliveries were made prior to May in 1910; the action was brought in January, 1912. It does not appear that any previous complaint had been made about the coal. It was accepted and used as complying with the terms of the contract. The description of the coal in the contract as grate coal is not a warranty which can be relied upon after the coal is accepted, but it is a description of the property and, if not complied with, the purchaser is not required to accept, but if the property offered is accepted as a compliance with the contract, such acceptance irrevocably establishes that the contract has been fulfilled by the vendor. (Coplay Iron Co. v. Pope, 108 N. Y. 232; Carleton v. Lombard, Ayres & Co., 149 id. 137.) Undoubtedly if the defendants and the prison officials unlawfully conspired to defraud the State by the delivery of the inferior coal under the contract, such fraudulent acceptance would not be binding upon the State. The action, however, would not be upon the contract, but would be for damages arising from the fraudulent conspiracy, upon proper allegations to that effect.
The State as a contractor, or suitor with reference to its contract, is bound by the same rules of law as apply to private corporations and persons. If its officers, charged with the duty of purchasing and accepting goods for use, act in good faith and give the State the benefit of their best judgment in determining whether the goods furnished under an executory contract are a compliance with its terms, their determination is binding upon the State and it has no further remedy upon the contract. In order to obtain relief where property has been accepted under an executory contract without warranty, it must show not only the wrongful act of the contractor but of its officials or servants who accepted the property, thereby vitiating the effect of the acceptance. A mere allegation that *128a party wrongfully or fraudulently committed an act is not a sufficient allegation of fraud, but is a conclusion, and no fact being stated from which the conclusion follows, it is without effect. The only act alleged against the defendants tending to show that they acted fraudulently, wrongfully or unlawfully, is that they billed the coal as egg coal. There is an entire absence of facts tending to show that they corrupted or improperly influenced the prison officials or by positive fraud overreached their minds. It cannot be when a party to an executory contract tenders an improper article under the contract as a compliance with its terms that that alone constitutes fraud which vitiates the acceptance and makes the vendor liable for damages. Some fraudulent act which prevented a proper inspection or which overreached or corrupted the minds of the official must be shown. The allegation that the State officials were fraudulently procured to do certain acts is a mere conclusion, no facts being stated upon which such conclusion is based.
I favor an affirmance, with leave to amend so that the plaintiff, if it has a cause of action, may allege it, and that the trial may proceed upon a proper complaint.
Woodward, J., concurred.
Order and judgment reversed and motion for judgment denied, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.