This action is in replevin to recover the possession of a piano, with stool and scarf, which in October, 1912, were sold under a conditional contract of sale by the plaintiff, through an agent, to the defendant, for the sum of $260, of which $119 was paid prior to the time of the commencement of this action.
The defendant interposed an answer setting up breach of warranty as a defense by way of recoupment, and also as a counterclaim, alleging his election, both prior and subsequent to the commencement of the action, to accept and retain the chattels, thereby claiming to affirm the sale. To these pleas the plaintiff demurred upon the ground that each was insufficient in law upon the face thereof, and to the counterclaim upon the further ground that it was not of the character specified in section 501 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.
The Special Term sustained the demurrer upon each of the grounds stated, and the defendant not desiring to plead over, directed the entry of final judgment sustaining the demurrer and awarding the possession of the chattels to the plaintiff. From the judgment entered upon such decision this appeal has been taken.
The vital question at issue, therefore, is whether the right to recoup, set off or counterclaim the damages sustained by a breach of warranty under a conditional sale exists in an action of replevin.
*606That such right exists in an action to recover the price of the article sold has been generally held. (Hooper v. Story, 155 N. Y. 171; Benjamin Sales [7th ed.], 965; 35 Cyc. 468; Sturges & Burn Mfg. Co. v. Great Western S. & R. Co., 156 Ill. App. 474; affd., 248 Ill. 285; Konnerup v. Allen, 56 Wash. 292; Cable Co. v. Macon, 153 N. C. 150; Code Civ. Proc. § 501.)
The defendant concedes that under the common law and prior to the amendment of the Personal Property Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 41; Laws of 1909, chap. 45) by chapter -571 of the Laws of 1911, by adding thereto a new article “five” entitled “ Sales of Goods,” such right of counterclaim, set-off or recoupment did not exist in this State, and that the defendant could not have maintained an independent action to recover damages by reason of the breach of warranty while the sale remained a conditional one, or until title had passed, warranty being held to be an incident of a completed sale, and as having no present vitality and force in an executory contract of sale. (Osborn v. Gantz, 60 N. Y. 540; English v. Hanford, 75 Hun, 428; Roach v. Curtis, 115 App. Div. 765; affd., 191 N. Y. 387; Levis v. Pope Motor Car Co., 202 id. 402.)
Such has also been the rule in several of the other States. (Blair v. Johnson & Sons, 111 Tenn. 111; Dearing Water Tube Boiler Co. v. Thompson, 156 Mich. 365; Singer Mfg. Co. v. Smith, 40 S. C. 529; Money Weight Scale Co. v. David, 180 Mich. 8; People’s Electric Ry. Co. v. M’Keen Motor Car Co., 214 Fed. Rep. 73.)
However, it has been held in other States that such damages might be set off by way of recoupment in an action of replevin. (Ames Iron Works v. Rea, 56 Ark. 450; Aultman Co. v. McDonough, 110 Wis. 263; Hutt v. Bruckman, 55 Ill. 441; Clement v. Field, 147 U. S. 467.)
Conceding that under the common law the buyer of personal property within this State upon a conditional sale had not the right in an action of replevin to recoup, set off or counterclaim the damages sustained by a breach of warranty of the article sold, the only question involved upon this appeal is whether the common-law rule has been in any respect modified by chapter 571 of the Laws of 1911. That act, as stated in the ’ foot note thereto, is substantially that prepared by the Com*607missioners for the Promotion of Uniformity of Legislation in the United States.
Section 150 of the Personal Property Law, as added by that act, so far as is material to be considered at this time, provides: “Remedies for breach of warranty. 1. Where there is a breach of warranty by the seller, the buyer may, at his election, (a) Accept or keep the goods and set up against the seller the breach of warranty by way of recoupment in diminution or extinction of the price; (b) Accept or keep the goods and maintain an action against the seller for damages for the breach of warranty.
Section 82 of the Personal Property Law, as added by said act, defines contracts to sell and sales as follows: “ 1. A contract to sell goods is a contract whereby the seller agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a consideration called the price. * * *. 3. A contract to sell or a sale may be absolute or conditional.” Ooncededly, therefore, the act applies to conditional contracts of sale.
Recoupment has been defined as “ Defalcation or discount from a demand. A keeping hack something which is due, because there is an equitable reason to withhold it. Tomlins.” (Black’s L. Diet. [2d ed.] 1000.)
Counterclaim may include any matter that might be the subject of recoupment or set off, but it is not exclusive. Recoupment still exists. (Vassear v. Livingston, 13 N. Y. 248.)
In speaking of matters to be shown in defense, the term “recoupment” is often used as synonymous with “reduction.” The term is of French origin and signifies cutting again or cutting back on the plaintiff’s claim by defendant. Like reduction it is of necessity limited to the amount of the plaintiff’s claim. It is properly applicable to a case where the same contract imposes mutual duties and obligations on the two parties and one seeks a remedy for the breach of duty by the second, and the second meets the demand by a claim for a breach of duty by the first. (Davenport v. Hubbard, 46 Vt. 200, 207.)
Recoupment is favored in law to prevent circuity of action and multiplicity of suits, and arises where one party to a contract is permitted to set up as a defense any damage he may *608have received by reason of the failure of the other party to comply with his contract in all matters involved in the contract. (Penn Steel C. & M. Co. v. Wilmington M. I. Co., 1 Penne. [Del.] 337.)
In recoupment, both the cause of action in the plaintiff and the right to recoup in the defendant grow out of the same subject-matter and are correlative. (Dietrich v. Ely, 63 Fed. Rep. 413.)
A defense by way of recoupment denies the validity of the plaintiff’s cause of action in so large an amount as he claims. It is not an independent cross-claim like a separate and distinct debt, or item of account due from the plaintiff, but is confined to matters arising out of or connected with the transaction or contract which forms the basis of plaintiff’s action. It goes only in abatement or reduction of plaintiff’s claim, and can be used as a substitute only to the extent of plaintiff’s demand. No judgment can be obtained by the defendant for any balance in his favor. (M’Hardy v. Wadsworth, 8 Mich. 349; Elwell v. Skiddy, 77 N. Y. 282, 291.)
The doctrine of recoupment is but a liberal and beneficial improvement on the old doctrine of failure of consideration It looks through the whole contract, treating it as an entirety and treating the things done and stipulated to be done on one side as the consideration for the things done or stipulated to be done on the other. (Grisham v. Bodman, 111 Ala. 194.)
Recoupment at common law was a claim for reduction of the amount due to the party. The doctrine of recoupment had been adopted in courts of equity long before it was introduced by statute into the practice of courts of law. In substance and effect it may be likened to the reduction of the amount recoverable on a contract because of the failure of consideration. (Norton v. Sinkhorn, 63 N. J. Eq. 313.)
Recoupment is, as the word implies, the cutting out or reduction of a part of a creditor’s demand, and is based upon some failure of the creditor to comply with the terms of the contract out of which the debt sued upon arises. It goes directly to the amount due the plaintiff. The defendant asserting such right, does not admit his indebtedness to plaintiff, and seeks to set off against it an indebtedness due from plain*609tiff to himself. He insists that plaintiff has in some material respect failed to perform his part of the contract on which the suit is based, and that by reason of such failure he has never become indebted to the plaintiff to the full amount of the agreed price. His counter demand goes directly to the amount due the plaintiff, and while, perhaps, not strictly a defense, it has often been spoken of as such, or, at least, as a partial defense. (Medart Pulley Co. v. Dubuque T. & R. M. Co., 121 Iowa, 244.)
Recoupment is a species of a common-law set-off for damages due the defendant growing out of the same transaction and is allowed in actions both ex contractu and ex delicto, in order to avoid circuity and multiplicity of actions. (Fidelity & Deposit Co. v. Haines, 78 Md. 454.)
Recoupment is the keeping back of something that is due because there is equitable reason for holding it, and this defense crept from courts of chancery into the practice at law to enable courts of law to prevent circuity of action. (Williams v. Neely, 134 Fed. Rep. 1, 4.)
As developed and permitted by the American courts, recoupment has attained a wider and more extended application than in England. Very generally at least, if not altogether, the courts have not restricted its application to cases where a defendant may recoup his damages for the purpose of affecting the value of the goods sold or of the work done, or for having allowed the defendant to recoup damages suffered by him from any fraud, breach of warranty or negligence of the plaintiff, growing out of and relating to the transaction in question, for the purpose of avoiding needless delay and litigation. (Edge Moor Iron Co. v. Brown Hoisting Mach. Co., 6 Penne. [Del.] 10.)
Recoupment is in law a mitigation of damages, and the defense is of such a nature as will permit a claim originating in contract to he interposed as against one suing in tort; likewise damages for a tort may be recouped against a claim predicated upon a contract. (Spurgin v. Kruse, 125 Ill. App. 507.)
Recoupment implies that plaintiff has a cause of action and *610defendant has a cause arising out of the breach of some other part of the contract upon which the action is based or for some - other cause connected with the contract, and is in the nature of a cross-action. (Deeves & Son v. Manhattan Life Ins. Co., 195 N. Y. 324.)
Many additional definitions of the term “ recoupment ” might be referred to, but sufficient have been given to indicate that the term “ recoupment ” is not so broad as the term “ counterclaim ” which under our Code authorizes resort by the defendant to causes of action by way of defense other than set-off and recoupment, and that recoupment is limited to the amount of the plaintiff’s demand and to the reduction or extinction thereof, and to the transaction or contract which was the basis of the plaintiff’s claim, and contemplates no affirmative recovery against the plaintiff.
The cause of action in the case at bar is based upon the claim that the defendant by reason of having made default in the payment of a portion of the purchase price was not entitled to retain possession of the chattels. The action in replevin is essentially possessory in its nature (Sinnott v. Feiock, 165 N. Y. 444); and the issue litigated in a replevin suit is the present right to the possession of the property in controversy; and under a contract of sale on the installment plan no title whatever vests in the vendee until the purchase price has been extinguished. (Empire State T. F. Co. v. Grant, 114 N. Y. 40; Roach v. Curtis, 191 id. 387.) Concededly proof that the plaintiff had received payment of the full sum to which he was entitled under the contract would defeat the action and entitle the defendant to retain possession of the chattels. In justice, the defendant has as good a claim to be adjudged to be the owner and entitled to the possession of the piano and other chattels by reason of having suffered, because of the breach by plaintiff of the warranty contained in the contract of sale, in a sum equal to the balance remaining unpaid upon the contract, as though the defendant had paid the plaintiff a like amount to apply upon the purchase price- of the property. It was doubtless for this reason, as well as to prevent circuity of action, and from the fact that the common-law rule frequently worked hardship and often an entire denial of justice *611to the vendee, who at times was unable to locate the vendor, acting as in the present instance through an agent, and if able to locate him, found that he was irresponsible or not within the jurisdiction of the court of the vendee’s place of residence, that the Sales of Goods Act was passed. The abuses perpetrated and injustices suffered by persons usually illy able to bear the losses became so frequent and the increase in the number of conditional sales upon the installment plan so great as to call for legislative relief. This demand gave rise in the earlier years to the legislation now embodied in section 65 of the Personal Property Law, requiring the vendor who had repossessed himself of the chattels to hold the same for thirty days, within which the buyer might comply with the terms of the contract and thereupon receive the property, and providing that if such terms had not been complied with the vendor might cause the articles to be sold at public auction within thirty days after such period, and that unless so sold the vendee might recover of the vendor the amount paid on such articles. The court, in its opinion in Crowe v. Liquid Carbonic Co. (208 N. Y. 396, 403), said: “ The legislative purpose was in the direction of promoting the public good, in mitigating the possible harshness of such, a contract by preserving some right to a vendee,” and that an express waiver in a conditional contract of sale of these provisions was ineffectual, because inconsistent with the public policy manifested by the legislative act.
“ It has been the policy of the law, in recent times, to allow parties to bring into a single action, so far as it can coveniently be done, all the controversies between them, for final and complete adjustment. The statute of set-off and the doctrine of recoupment have been from time to time extended and enlarged in view of this policy.
“ The statute of counterclaim is a still further advance in the same direction, and should be liberally construed to accomplish the benign object of its enactment.” (More v. Rand, 60 N. Y. 208, 214.)
. Evidently, in furtherance of the purpose to afford additional and needed protection to the vendees under conditional sales, and to enable the rights of the vendor and vendee *612to be speedily and economically settled in a single action, clause (a) of subdivision 1 of section 150, heretofore quoted, was enacted. That it was intended to apply to a replevin action seems apparent, not only from-the fact that such construction is in the public interest, but also from the fact that the application of the provision is not in terms hmited to any particular form of action, but in general allows the breach of warranty by way of recoupment to be set up.
Where a statute in general terms, and without limitation as to the nature of the action, authorizes a defendant to counterclaim for damages arising out of the transaction set forth in the complaint as the foundation of plaintiff’s claim or connected with the subject of the action, defendant in replevin may counterclaim for damages which at common law would have been a proper subject for recoupment. (Ramsey v. Capshaw, 71 Ark. 408; Reardon v. Higgins, 39 Ind. App. 363; McCormick Harvesting Mach. Co. v. Hill, 104 Mo. App. 544; Smith v. French, 141 N. C. 1; Morgan & Co. v. Spangler, 20 Ohio St. 38; Aultman Co. v. McDonough, 110 Wis. 263.)
The enactment of the provision was uséless if held to apply only to .an action for the price, as the vendee already had under the common law the right not only of recoupment but also of set-off and counterclaim in such an action; and the omission of the words “set-off” and “counterclaim,” if clause (a) be held to apply only to an action to recover the price, might be claimed to indicate the legislative intent to limit the vendee in an action for the price to the right of recoupment alone and to exclude the right of set-off and counterclaim.
Acceptance of the chattels by the defendant did not discharge the plaintiff from liability in damages for breach of warranty of the plaintiff in the contract to sell, in the absence of an agreement of the parties to that effect. (Pers. Prop. Law, § 130, as added by Laws of 1911, chap. 571.)
The complaint alleges that the amount unpaid upon the contract is $141, while the answer alleges that the damages sustained by the defendant by reason of the breach of warranty are $200. As by demurring to the answer the plaintiff has admitted the allegations thereof to be true, the case is one in which, concededly, the balance of the purchase price has been *613more than extinguished by the damages suffered by the defendant by reason of the breach of warranty by plaintiff.
At common law the defense of recoupment was taken advanage of under the general issue. Since the common-law system of pleading has been abolished, the manner of pleading has been governed by the Code. (Code Civ. Proc. §§ 500, 508; Beeves & Son v. Manhattan Life Ins. Co., 195 N. Y. 324, 337, 338.)
That the vendee may recoup the damages sustained by him in this action, rather than be compelled to surrender the chattels to the vendor, and be then obliged to resort to an action to attempt to recover the damages sustained by him by reason of plaintiff’s breach of warranty, was the apparent intent of the act above quoted. Hence, the decision of the trial court in sustaining the demurrer to the defense setting up damages by reason of breach of warranty by way of recoupment should he reversed, and the demurrer as to such defense overruled.
However, the defendant, not having had the right of counterclaim by the common law and it not having been given her by statute, the counterclaim and demand for affirmative judgment were not authorized, and the demurrer thereto was properly sustained.
As each party has in part been defeated the decision should be without costs to either party.
Demurrer overruled as to the defense by way of recoupment and sustained as to the counterclaim, without costs to either •party.
All concurred, except Smith, P. J., dissenting.
Interlocutory judgment modified, and the first and second grounds of demurrer overruled; the third ground of demurrer to the counterclaim in defendant’s answer sustained.