The authority to merge, dissolve and make a consolidation of school districts in the Education Law is qualified to such districts as are “ adjoining.” (Consol. Laws, chap. 16 [Laws of 1910, chap. 140], §§ 128, 129.) I am unable to reach the view that district No. 7, composed of Centre Island, “adjoined” union free school district No. 9. The term “ adjoining ” is stricter than “ adjacent,” since to “ adjoin,” the districts must touch.
In Matter of Ward (52 N. Y. 395 [1873]) the court Andrews, J., said (p. 397): “ The word ‘ adjoining ’ in its *532etymological sense, means touching or contiguous, as distinguished from lying near or adjacent. (Crabb’s English Synonyms.) And the same meaning has been given to it when used in statutes. (Rex v. Hodges, 1 Mood. & Malk. 341; Peverelly v. People, 3 Park. Cr. R. 59; Holmes v. Carley, 31 N. Y. 289.) ”
In Peverelly v. People (3 Park. Cr. Rep. 59), where the appellant had been indicted for arson in the second degree for setting fire to a warehouse “ adjoining ” a dwelling, Mitchell, P. J., said: “ The term ‘ adjoining ’ is used in its strict sense, as indicating actual contact, in the law as to division fences (1 R. S. 553, §§ 30, 31, 33),* and in section four hundred and one of the Code,* prescribing the counties in which motions shall be made, and probably in other statutes.” Crabbe’s Synonyms: “ What is adjoining must touch in some part: * * * What is contiguous must be fitted to touch entirely on one side: * * * Lands are adjacent to a house or town; fields are adjoining to each -other; houses contiguous to each other.” (See Holmes v. Carley, 31 N. Y. 289, adjoining towns.)
Where the right to lay sewers was limited to an “ adjoining township or municipality,” Judge Garrison said that to evade such expression by trying to hold that Millburn “ adjoined ” South Orange “ is to deny to words any fixed or known meaning or to strip an important part of the enactment of all rational purpose.” (South Orange v. Whittingham, 58 N. J. Law, 655.)
Other illustrations are Clark v. Coburn (108 Me. 26);. Baxter v. York Realty Co. (128 App. Div. 79); Bardes v. Herman (144 id. 772); Warth v. Herman (Id. 943). A recent case is Rehill v. East Newark (73 N. J. Law, 220).
Viewed in the natural, ordinary sense, these school districts are non-contiguous, hence not adjoining, and so are not within the compass of this statute.
Notwithstanding the bounds by shore lines, the court at Special Term has felt compelled to regard these districts as meeting in the middle fine of the bay. Such reasoning to extend official bounds for certain objects, such as control of beds of shellfish, or other water rights, might be upheld.
*533The policy of the Education Law is to bring about a convenient means of school attendance. What might be easy for a lawyer in making a motion in a county adjoining that of the place of trial, is very different from the convenience and safety of children in course of their daily winter school attendance. Neither is an election district, where ballots may be cast perhaps once or twice a year, a fair comparison.
The districts should be contiguous in fact, and not by a theoretical meeting in the midst of -an open bay, over which there is no ferry or public means of passage.
There remains the point as to the plaintiff’s power and capacity to raise this question. He is not suing solely as a taxpayer. His official duty is as school trustee of the dissolved district. He has a locus standi to ask a decision whether his district, and with it his office, have been legally destroyed or merged.
The plaintiff, describing himself as school district trustee of the district merged or dissolved, is clothed with certain powers by the Code of Civil Procedure, section 1926. In fact, as such official, he can enforce a liability created “ora duty enjoined, by law, upon those officers.” In our view, the duty was to keep within the law and attempt to annex only contiguous districts. Not questioning Prankard v. Cooley (147 App. Div. 145), we can affirm plaintiff’s right as himself an official charged with a duty toward such school district. But, aside from this, a taxpayer has a right to raise the question of the illegal change of municipal boundaries. Thus the attempt to exclude from the village of Glen Park territory outside the bounds of a union free school district was open to successful attack by a non-resident taxpayer (Steele v. Village of Glen Park, 193 N. Y. 341), although the school district in its corporate capacity had failed to maintain such injunction. (Union Free School District v. Village of Glen Park, 109 App. Div. 414.)
This leaves for consideration the finality of the decision of the Commissioner of Education under section 880 of the Education Law. If such ruling or decision on the construction of a statute were made beyond court review, then such legislation would be clearly unconstitutional, as the Constitution has provided for no judicial powers to be conferred *534by legislation (except local officers and inferior courts) beyond the specific courts enumerated in article 6 of the Constitution. (People ex rel. Light v. Skinner, 159 N. Y. 162; People ex rel. Merrall v. Cooley, 75 Misc. Rep. 188, 191.)
If it be urged that in this summons plaintiff did not name himself as school district trustee (Code Civ. Proc. § 1929), I think this is not now available.
While the administrative control and regulation of the State educational system are placed in the State Commissioner of Education, his powers and those of the school trustees and superintendents must be limited by the statutes. Such attempted merger of school districts which were not “ adjoining ” was against the words of sections 128 and 129 of the Education Law. Plaintiff is, therefore, entitled to a determination declaring invalid such order of defendant Cooley purporting to dissolve union free school districts Nos. 7 and 10, and to unite such territory to union free school district No. 9 of the town of Oyster Bay, to take effect on and after January 1, 1917, and to a judgment restraining defendants from the enforcement of such order.
The judgment of the Special Term, with the three findings of fact numbered 1, 2 and 3, should, therefore, be severally reversed, and plaintiff should have judgment for the relief prayed for in the complaint, with his costs in both courts.
Jenks, P. J., Mills and Blackmab, JJ., concurred; Kelly, J., dissented, and voted to affirm, upon the grounds stated in the opinion of Mr. Justice Manning at Special Term [100 Misc. Rep. 505], and for the additional reason that the action of-the defendants and the State Commissioner of Education with reference to the consolidation of the school districts is not reviewable in the present taxpayer’s action. (People ex rel. Bd. of Education v. Finley, 211 N. Y. 51, 57; Welker v. Lathrop, 210 id. 434; Prankard v. Cooley, 147 App. Div. 145.)
Judgment of the Special Term and the three findings of fact” numbered one, two and three, severally reversed, and judgment rendered for plaintiff for the relief prayed for in the complaint, with his costs in both courts. Order to be settled on notice
See 1 R. S. 353, §§ 30, 31, 33: Code Proc. § 401.—[Rep.