At the close of the evidence the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint, and the plaintiffs moved for direction of a verdict. The court announced the direction of a verdict for the plaintiffs, whereupon the defendants asked to go to the jury on the issues whether a contract was made, whether the plaintiffs had performed, and upon the amount of damages. The court entertained the motion and denied it, and the defendants duly excepted to the direction of the verdict. This exception presents the question of law whether there were such questions of fact in the case as entitled the defendants to go to the jury. (Brown Paint Co. v. Reinhardt, 210 N. Y. 162.)
It is written that the president of a business corporation has the power, prima facie, to bind it by any contract that the board of directors could authorize or ratify. (Oakes v. C. W. Co., 143 N. Y. 430; Patterson v. Robinson, 116 id. 193; Davies v. Harvey Steel Co., 6 App. Div. 166.) But the president of the four corporations did not, by the written instrument set forth in the statement of facts, employ the plaintiffs by virtue of his office as president. It is apparent that an employment by the president of the companies cannot be spelled out of a writing which in expressed terms is a consent as a director and stockholder to their employment, with a promise to vote to confirm the same at the next stockholders’ meeting.
The paper was signed by three of the directors out of a full board of five. It is a disputed question of fact whether it was ratified or agreed to by the other two. The judgment cannot be sustained on a directed verdict unless a majority of the board of directors, acting separately and not collectively at a meeting, can bind the corporation by an executory contract. That no such power exists in a majority of the board is an established rule of universal application. The judgment must, therefore, be reversed. The serious question is whether the plaintiffs presented evidence that uncontradicted would justify the finding that there was a contract of employment, binding on the corporation. If they did not, this court should *248dismiss the complaint. If they did, a new trial should be granted. The plaintiffs are not suing for wages for service performed, but for damages for breach of the contract in discharging them. To establish this cause of action they must prove a contract of employment for a year, made by the defendants through the action of their boards of directors; for this is the contract alleged in the complaint and in the bill of particulars.
Three of the directors have consented in writing, and there is evidence tending to show that the other two also consented. But the directors acted separately and not collectively as a body. There is no doubt that the general rule is that directors must • act collectively. In People’s Bank v. St. Anthony’s R. C. Church (109 N. Y. 512), Judge Andrews, writing for the court, said-: “ The trustees of a corporation have no separate or individual authority to bind the corporation, and this although the majority or the whole number, acting singly and not collectively as a board, should assent to the particular transaction.” There áre many other authorities to the same effect. (Constant v. Rector, Wardens & Vestry of St. Albans Church, 4 Daly, 305; Catholic F. M. Society v. Oussani, 215 N. Y. 1; Baldwin v. Canfield, 26 Minn. 43; United Brethren Church of New London v. Vandusen, 37 Wis. 54.) The principle is recognized in Young v. U. S. Mortgage & Trust Co. (214 N. Y. 279), for the court, having found that the executive committee acted as a body, decided only that a formal minute or record of the act was not necessary.
I may, therefore, start out with the rule, generally applicable, that directors, acting separately and not collectively as a board, cannot bind the corporation. I will stop a moment to say that there is no room for the application of the doctrine of estoppel; for the plaintiffs are not suing for the value of property or service acquired by the corporation through the irregular act of the directors, but for breach of an executory contract only.
The general rule seems to rest upon two reasons: First, that collective action is necessary in order that the act may be deliberately adopted after an opportunity for discussion and an interchange of views; and, second, that the directors are, for the purpose of managing the affairs of the corporation, the agents of the stockholders and are given no power to act *249otherwise than as a board. Now, if all the directors are of one mind, the reason first stated is much weakened if not destroyed, for if all are agreed discussion is futile; and if the directors own all the corporate stock the second reason also disappears, for they are both principals and agents and their unanimous acts as directors carry their consent thereto as stockholders.
I think that under the circumstances of the case we are considering, where the directors own all the capital stock of the corporations, where they are members of the same family but so at variance that directors’ and stockholders’ meetings are not held, their action, concurred in by all, although separately and not as a body, binds the corporation. "We must recognize the fact that to a greater and greater degree all business, great and small, is being brought under the management of corporations instead of partnerships; that they are, in perhaps the majority of instances, conducted by officers and directors little informed in the law of corporations, who often act informally, sometimes without meetings or even by-laws. To hold that in all instances technical conformity to the requirements of the law of corporations is a condition to a valid action by the directors, would be to lay down a rule of law which could be used as a trap for the unwary who deal with corporations, and to permit corporations sometimes to escape liability to which an individual in the same circumstances would be subjected. I cite some authorities resting upon the principle that I have suggested. (Bank of Middletown v. Rutland & Washington R. R. Co., 1 Shaw [Vt.], 159; Matter of Great Northern Salt & Chemical Works, Ex parte Kennedy, 44 L. R. Ch. Div. 472; Jordan & Co. v. Collins & Co., 107 Ala. 572; Burden v. Burden, 159 N. Y. 287; Hall v. Herter Brothers, 83 Hun, 19; Sheridan Elec. Light Co. v. Chatham Nat. Bank, 52 id. 575.) I think, therefore, that if all the directors in the four corporations, being also holders of all the capital stock,, agreed to the employment of the plaintiffs, their acts bind the corporations and a contract of employment so made is valid.
There are two other questions of fact that should have been submitted to the jury. One is whether the plaintiffs were discharged or whether they voluntarily agreed to relinquish the employment, and the other is the question of damages. *250The measure of damages is compensation. If the contract is established, the plaintiffs were entitled to $500 a month for services rendered. It cannot as matter of law be said that the true measure of compensation is to award to them the full amount of their salary where the services that were the consideration therefor were not performed. The question of the amount of damages should have been left to the jury to determine the actual loss to the plaintiffs under all the circumstances which may be developed on the new trial.
It was error also to include in the directed verdict the amount of the claim of $175 for money expended by the plaintiffs for the use of the defendants. This is a cause of action distinct from that set forth in the complaint, and it was not competent for the court, against the objection and exception of the defendants, to include the amount of this unalleged cause of action in the award of damages.
The claim of the plaintiffs that the judgment should be affirmed because the defense was not authorized by the corporations, cannot be considered on this appeal. Upon the record before us the defendant corporations are regularly before the court, appearing by an attorney. Nothing is presented on this appeal but the validity of the judgment rendered after due trial upon the issues raised by the pleadings.
The judgment and order should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.
Jenks, P. J., Rich, Putnam and Jaycox, JJ., concur.
Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.