The claimant is the widow of Oscar Krug. The decedent was a uniformed fireman of the city of New York attached to engine No. 7 of the city fire department. On the 3d day of May, 1918, while engaged in helping to extinguish a fire he wrenched his knee. He was treated for rheumatism and worked on and off until the 14th of July, 1919, more than a year after the injury, when he was taken to a hospital and underwent an operation upon his knee. He developed pneumonia, presumably through the operation, and died on the 4th of August, 1919. His widow makes a claim for this death, and while the State Industrial Commission has found that she is not entitled to a present award, because of the fact that she is receiving fifty-eight dollars and thirty-three cents a month as a pension from the city fire department pension fund, there is a determination that if this source fails she is entitled to the compensation, on the theory that decedent was under group 42 of section 2 of the Workmen’s Compensation Law, engaged in the “ salvage of buddings or contents,” while fighting fire for the city of New York.
While the question thus presented upon this appeal may appear somewhat academic, we are in the process of defining and fixing the limitations of a new system, and precedents ought not to be established by the mere lapse of time which are in conflict with the spirit of the law. Section 2 of the Workmen’s Compensation- Law (as amd. by Laws of 1917, chap. 705) provides that the compensation provided for in this chapter “ shall be payable for injuries sustained or death incurred by employees engaged in the following hazardous employments,” so that we are to find first that the decedent is an employee within the meaning of the statute, and that he was engaged in one of the “ following hazardous employments,” before this award can be sustained. An *228“ employee ” means “ a person engaged in one of the occupations enumerated in section two or who is in the service of an employer whose principal business is that of carrying on or conducting a hazardous employment upon the premises or at the plant, or in the course of his employment away from the plant of his employer ” (§ 3, subd. 4, as amd. by Laws of 1917, chap. 705), and “ 1 employment ’ includes employment only in a trade, business or occupation carried on by the employer for pecuniary gain.” (§ 3, subd. 5, as amd. by Laws of 1917, chap. 705.) Of course, assuming that the decedent was engaged in “ salvage of buildings or contents,” while engaged in the effort to extinguish a fire, he was not engaged in an employment “ carried on by the employer for pecuniary gain.” The city of New York was not carrying on this fire extinguishing business for its own gain, but for the purpose of saving its inhabitants from loss, just as it maintains a police force, not for its own profit, but for the protection of those within its limits from the violence of lawless persons. Group 42 of section 2 of the Workmen’s Compensation Law (as amd. by Laws of 1917, chap. 705)* relates to business occupations carried on for pecuniary gain, and it is within this group that we find the provision including “ salvage of buildings or contents,” and then group 43 of section 2 of the act (added by Laws of 1916, chap. 622, as amd. by Laws of 1917, chap. 705) continues, “Any employment enumerated in the foregoing groups and- carried on by the Stat'e or a municipal corporation or other subdivision thereof, notwithstanding the definition of the term ‘ employment ’ in subdivision five of section three of this chapter.”
It is not entirely clear just what is meant by this 43d group, which is clearly not a group at all, but an amplification to bring within the law the State and! municipalities carrying on employments enumerated in the previous groups. It would have a legitimate use if limited to such employments as the city carried on for its own purposes, as distinguished from those of its inhabitants. For instance, where the city owns and operates its water supply system it is carrying on a business as distinguished from a governmental or charitable purpose, *229such as involved in the maintenance of a police or fire department or a public hospital, and it would be in a sense conducting the water plant for pecuniary gain, but it is an abuse of language to say that a fireman engaged in extinguishing a fire is employed in salvaging buildings or their contents. The service he is performing for the city is governmental in its character; it is for the general welfare — an exercise of the police power. The city, as such, has no interest in the property; whether much or little is saved, it concerns the individual owner and the insurance companies, not the city in its corporate capacity, and it is not within the spirit of the act to charge the municipality for the death, because there is no business of the employer which may be legitimately charged with the expense. The amendment of the Constitution upon which this class legislation depends expressly authorizes the enactment of the statute, " provided that all moneys paid by an employer to his employees or their legal representatives, by reason of the enactment of any of the laws herein authorized, shall be held to be a proper charge in the cost of operating the business of the employer.” (State Const, art. 1, § 19.) Where there is no business upon which the compensation can become a charge; where there is no opportunity to charge the accidents of the business to the product and thus distribute the burden over the field of consumption, there is no warrant for the legislation. The rule is well established that a proviso, such as is contained! in the constitutional provision above quoted, is in deeds and statutes a limitation or exception to the grant made or authority conferred, the effect of which is to declare that the one shall not operate, or the other be exercised, unless in the case provided. (23 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law [2d ed.], 292; Austin v. United States, 155 U. S. 417, 431, and authorities there cited.) In Ives v. South Buffalo R. Co. (201 N. Y. 271) the original Workmen’s Compensation Law (Laws of 1910, chap. 674, adding to Labor Law, art. 14-a) was held void as conflicting with the requirements of due process of law, and the Constitution was amended as above to obviate the objection; but under well established rules of interpretation it is not to be extended beyond its language and clearly expressed purposes; and these are confined to employees and employers in the ordinary sense of these words, and are limited *230by the proviso to those who are carrying on business of such a character that all moneys paid by an employer to his employees “ shall be held to be a proper charge in the cost of operating the business of the employer,” and this obviously excludes all provisions for compensating those who are employed in the discharge of governmental functions. The court in the Ives Case (supra) quotes from the report of the Commission which created this act, to the effect that the evils supposed to exist can be “ best avoided by compelling the employer to share the accident burden in intrinsically dangerous trades, since by fixing the price of his product the shock of the accident may be borne by the community.” It was the industrial, the essentially dangerous, trades which were to be placed under the provisions of the law, and the Constitution was amended to permit of this, not to extend the operation to public officers.
We are clearly of. the opinion that the decedent was not an employee within the meaning of the statute. The word is defined by the Century Dictionary, cited with approval in Palmer v. Van Santvoord (153 N. Y. 612, 614) as “ one who works for an employer; a person working for salary or wages; applied to any one so working, but usually only to clerks, workmen, laborers, etc., and but rarely to the higher officers of a corporation or government, or to domestic servants,” and with all the agitation which preceded the enactment of this statute it cannot be presumed that the 'Legislature or the people in amending the Constitution used the words in any broader sense than that indicated. Nor can we subscribe to the theory that a fireman in performing a public service is engaged in salvaging buildings or their contents. He is performing a police service for the State, operating for the benefit of the owner of the property, and not in the carrying on of the business of salvaging buildings or property.
The award should be reversed and the claim dismissed.
All concur.
Award reversed and claim dismissed.
Since amd. by Laws 'of 1918, chap. 634.— [Rep.