888 F.2d 1370
12 U.S.P.Q.2d 1908
In re Hiroyuki IWAHASHI, Yoshiki Nishioka and Mitsuhiro Hakaridani.
No. 89-1019.
United States Court of Appeals,
Federal Circuit.
Nov. 7, 1989.
Charles Gorenstein, Birch, Stewart, Kolasch & Birch, of Falls Church, Va., for appellant. With him on the brief was Michael K. Mutter.
John C. Martin, Associate Sol., Office of the Sol., of Arlington, Virginia, for appellee. With him on the brief was Fred E. McKelvey, Sol.
Before RICH and BISSELL, Circuit Judges, and NICHOLS, Senior Circuit Judge.*
RICH, Circuit Judge.
This appeal is from the decision of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (board), dated May 24, 1988, adhered to on reconsideration, affirming the examiner's final rejection of the single claim of applicants' patent application serial No. 454,022, filed December 28, 1982, entitled "Auto-Correlation Circuit for Use in Pattern Recognition." The sole ground of rejection is that the subject matter claimed is nonstatutory under 35 U.S.C. Sec. 101 because it is merely a mathematical algorithm. We reverse.
The real party in interest, according to appellants' brief, is Sharp Kabishiki Kaisha (Sharp Corporation).
The opening sentence of the specification states: "This invention relates to an auto-correlation unit for use in pattern recognition to obtain auto-correlation coefficients as for stored signal samples." The embodiment more particularly discussed as a species of pattern recognition is voice recognition. The prior art calculation of auto-correlation coefficients is described as being based on a calculation formula involving a multiplication step. The specification states the disadvantage to be as follows:
Those state-of-the-art units for calculation of the auto-correlation coefficients have the disadvantage of requiring expensive multipliers and also complicated circuitry. As a result the auto-correlation unit circuitry within the entire pattern recognition apparatus is proportionately large and auto-correlation calculation demands a greater amount of time during recognition.
....
The principal object of this invention is to provide an auto-correlation unit for pattern recognition which evaluates auto-correlation coefficients by means of a simple circuitry without the need for an expensive multiplier as well as eliminating the above discussed disadvantages.
Underlying the auto-correlation unit claimed, is a plethora of mathematical demonstration by which the applicants purport to show that the approximated value of the desired coefficient can be obtained without multipliers by obtaining the square of the sum of two of the factors in the equation and calculating the auto-correlation coefficient therefrom according to a stated formula. The specification concludes:
As explained in the foregoing, this invention offers a highly cost effective auto-correlation unit for pattern recognition with simple circuitry without the need to use an expensive multiplier, but which has comparatively high accuracy and can, moreover, calculate auto-correlation coefficients at high speed.
Fig. 1 of the application drawings is described as "a block diagram schematically showing an embodiment of this invention" and appears as follows:
NOTE: OPINION CONTAINS TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE
Fig. 2 is described as "a block diagram showing in more detail the embodiment of this invention" and appears as follows:
NOTE: OPINION CONTAINS TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE
We shall not attempt a description of the electronic circuitry shown by these drawings beyond explaining, for the better understanding of the claim, that the units designated "ROM" and "RAM" are, respectively, a read only memory and a random access memory, terms well understood by those skilled in the art. "CPU" is a central processing unit. In this case, the function of the ROM, 2 or 15, which is a permanent information storage device, is to deliver as output the square of a number fed to it as input. It is the electronic equivalent of a table in which one can look up the square of numbers over a desired range.
We next reproduce the claim on appeal and do so by presenting a copy of the claim as it has been presented in the Solicitor's brief, to which we have added the letters in brackets designating at [a] the preamble or introductory clause and at [b] through [h] the several means-plus-function and other elements of the combination of elements recited. Under the heading "Drawings" (the Solicitor's heading was "Fig. 1") we have copied verbatim the Solicitor's designations. Element [d], it will be noted, is not in means-plus-function form but specifies a "read only memory" or ROM, as the Solicitor says. Element [f] is an anomolous clause seemingly intended to indicate what data are stored in the ROM. It is not clear that a means for storing anything in the ROM is part of the disclosed "unit" since the application indicates that the squared values are "previously memorized" in the ROM. However that has nothing to do with the sole question before us which is whether the claim as a whole is, in the words of the Solicitor, "directed to nonstatutory subject matter," so we shall not comment further on element [f].
Claim Drawings
[a] An auto-correlation unit for providing auto-correlation
coefficients for use as feature parameters in pattern
recognition for N pieces of sampled input values Xn (n =
0 to N - 1), said unit comprising:
[b] means for extracting N pieces of sample input values Xn Not shown in
from a series of sample values in an input pattern Fig. 1;
expressed with an accuracy of optional multi-bits; analog to
digital
converter 11
in Fig. 2.
[c] means for calculating the sum of the sample values Xn and Adder 1.
Xn0 (t = O-P, P
[d] a read only memory associated with said means for ROM 2.
calculating;
[e] means for feeding to said read only memory the sum of the Signal path
sampled input values as an address signal; connecting
adder 1 to
ROM 2.
[f] means for storing in said read only memory the squared Internal
value of each sum, (Xn k Xn0)2; structure of
ROM 2 after
being
programmed
to store
squared
values.
[g] means for fetching and outputting the squared values of Read pulse
each such sum of the sample input values from said read (not shown)
only memory when said memory is addressed by the sum of which is
the sample input values; and applied to
ROM 2; in
Fig. 2,
signal f1 or
f2, applied
to ROM 15.
[h] means responsive to the output (Xn k Xn-0)2 of said read Calculating
only memory for providing an auto-correlation circuit 5.
coefficient for use as a feature parameter according to
the following formula:
N - 1
D (Xn k Xn - 0)2
n = o
______________________________________ - 1
N - 1
2. D Xn2
n = 0
This is one more in the line of cases stemming from the Supreme Court decision in Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 93 S.Ct. 253, 34 L.Ed.2d 273 (1972), decided by our predecessor, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. They include in chronological order, In re Chatfield, 545 F.2d 152, 191 USPQ 730 (CCPA 1976), cert. denied 434 U.S. 875, 98 S.Ct. 226, 54 L.Ed.2d 155 (1977), In re Freeman, 573 F.2d 1237, 197 USPQ 464 (CCPA 1978), In re Maucorps, 609 F.2d 481, 203 USPQ 812 (CCPA 1979), In re Walter, 618 F.2d 758, 205 USPQ 397 (CCPA 1980), In re Abele, 684 F.2d 902, 214 USPQ 682 (CCPA 1982), and In re Meyer, 688 F.2d 789, 215 USPQ 193 (CCPA 1982). The list is not exhaustive but representative.
Out of these cases came the Freeman-Walter test to determine whether a claim defines nonstatutory subject matter. It was stated in Freeman as follows:
Determination of whether a claim preempts nonstatutory subject matter as a whole, in the light of Benson, requires a two-step analysis. First, it must be determined whether the claim directly or indirectly recites an "algorithm" in the Benson sense of that term, for a claim which fails even to recite an algorithm clearly cannot wholly preempt an algorithm. Second, the claim must be further analyzed to ascertain whether in its entirety it wholly preempts that algorithm.
573 F.2d at 1245, 197 USPQ at 471. The opinion next discusses the meaning of "algorithm" quoting from Chatfield footnote 5:
Over-concentration on the word "algorithm" alone, for example, may mislead. The Supreme Court carefully supplied a definition of the particular algorithm before it [in Benson ], i.e., "[a] procedure for solving a given type of mathematical problem." The broader definition of algorithm is "a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing some end." Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1976).
... It would be unnecessarily detrimental to our patent system to deny inventors patent protection on the sole ground that their contribution could be broadly termed an "algorithm". [Emphasis of "sole" original, otherwise ours.]
In footnote 8 of the Freeman opinion the court further said:
The preferred definition of "algorithm" in the computer art is: "A fixed step-by-step procedure for accomplishing a given result; usually a simplified procedure for solving a complex problem, also a full statement of a finite number of steps." C. Sippl & C. Sippl, Computer Dictionary and Handbook (1972).
Id. at 1246 n. 8, 197 USPQ at 471 n. 8. Appellants state that the apparatus claimed "may properly be characterized as a computer."
We note these discussions of the meaning of "algorithm" to take the mystery out of the term and we point out once again that every step-by-step process, be it electronic or chemical or mechanical, involves an algorithm in the broad sense of the term. Since Sec. 101 expressly includes processes as a category of inventions which may be patented and Sec. 100(b) further defines the word "process" as meaning "process, art or method, and includes a new use of a known process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, or material," it follows that it is no ground for holding a claim is directed to nonstatutory subject matter to say it includes or is directed to an algorithm. This is why the proscription against patenting has been limited to mathematical algorithms and abstract mathematical formulae which, like the laws of nature, are not patentable subject matter.
The above-listed line of CCPA cases held some claims statutory and other claims nonstatutory, depending entirely on what they said. We have to do the same here. Appellants cautiously admit that their claim "at least indirectly, recites an algorithm in some manner," and thus meets the first part of the Freeman-Walter test, but argue strenuously and convincingly that it does not meet the second part of the test, relying, inter alia, on the following statement in Walter (footnote omitted):
Once a mathematical algorithm has been found, the claim as a whole must be further analyzed. If it appears that the mathematical algorithm is implemented in a specific manner to define structural relationships between the physical elements of the claim (in apparatus claims) or to refine or limit claim steps (in process claims), the claim being otherwise statutory, the claim passes muster under Sec. 101.
618 F.2d at 767, 205 USPQ at 407 (footnote omitted). Though the claim starts out by saying in clause [a] that it is a "unit", appellants prefer to characterize what they claim as apparatus with specific structural limitations. By the Solicitor's own analysis of the claim in the column labeled "Drawings", supra, we are constrained to agree. Appellants emphasize that they specify a ROM in clause [d] to which is fed an input from an adder specified in clause [c]. The Solicitor states that [c] and [d] are connected together by a signal path. Next are means in the form of disclosed electronic circuitry which take from the ROM its output in the form of squares of numbers supplied as ROM input and feed them to a calculating circuit [h]. The claim as a whole certainly defines apparatus in the form of a combination of interrelated means and we cannot discern any logical reason why it should not be deemed statutory subject matter as either a machine or a manufacture as specified in Sec. 101. The fact that the apparatus operates according to an algorithm does not make it nonstatutory. See In re Abele, 684 F.2d at 906, 214 USPQ at 686. See also the discussion of that case in In re Grams, Appeal No. 89-1321 decided November 3, 1989, at 11-12, 888 F.2d 835, 840-841 (Fed.Cir.1989). We therefore hold that the claim is directed to statutory subject matter.
In the Solicitor's brief the summary of argument states that the claim "encompasses any and every means for performing the functions recited therein." We point out that the claim is a combination of means all but one of which is a means-plus function limitation, the one exception being the ROM, clause [d], which is a specific piece of apparatus. The claim is therefore subject to the limitation stated in 35 U.S.C. Sec. 112 p 6 that each means-plus-function definition "shall be construed to cover the corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents thereof."1 This provision precludes the Solicitor's interpretation of the claim. The Solicitor's summary also contends that since the claim should be interpreted as he does, we should regard it as though it were a method claim. Since he is wrong on the first score, he is wrong on the second.
The decision of the board is reversed.
REVERSED.
Judge Nichols heard oral argument but, due to illness, did not participate in the decision
The accuracy of this statement may be questioned in view of a sentence in the opinion in In re Sweet, 393 F.2d 837, 841-42, 157 USPQ 495, 499 (CCPA 1968), which reads: "[A] recitation of "means" for performing a function is interpreted broadly to cover all means capable of performing the stated function and is not limited to the particular structure which the application may disclose." (Emphasis added.) This statement, considered in a vacuum, is partly true and partly untrue. It must be read, however, in light of the opinion as a whole. It should not be removed from its context. The untrue part is the initial statement that the means clause is interpreted to cover all means to perform the function. It should have said it is interpreted to cover the means disclosed and all equivalents thereof which perform the function. The immediately preceding two paragraphs of the opinion show that the court actually was reading the "means" clause "in the light of 35 U.S.C. 112 [last paragraph]," just as we are doing here. The statute is set forth in note 5. The truth of the emphasized portion of the above sentence is beyond question because the "means" clause includes equivalents of the disclosed structure. Section 112 p 6 cannot be ignored when a claim is before the PTO any more than when it is before the courts in an issued patent