On December 24,1930, at the railroad’s roundhouse in Bensselaer, claimant, Isaac A. McGowan, in the regular course of his employment by the railroad as an assistant terminal foreman, was burned by the escape of steam and hot water then being applied by pressure to engine 5206, which he was inspecting. He thus sustained injuries for which an award of $6,658.33 has been directed, in view of his death, to be paid to his widow, as prescribed by section 33 of the Workmen’s Compensation Law.
The Bensselaer roundhouse is a terminal point where engines undergo heavy repairs quarter-yearly, as well as minor repairs found necessary on daily inspection. Quarterly repairs involve a thorough overhauling, while minor repairs consist in remedying, between incoming and outgoing trips of engines not withdrawn from service, such defects as may have been discovered by the engineer during his run or by inspection at the end of a trip. Minor repairs are in the nature of an emergency service, rendered promptly so that an engine may resume its work with *275as little delay as possible. Among the emergency services performed at the Bensselaer roundhouse was the restoration of steam power which, as in the case of the engine here involved, had failed, causing delay in transportation.
Engines thus receiving emergency service each day at the Bensselaer roundhouse included those used to haul passenger trains from Boston, Massachusetts, to Albany and return; trains from Weehawken, New Jersey, to Albany and return; and trains from points in Ohio to New York city and return, as well as engines which hauled trains in transit wholly within the State of New York.
McGowan was one of several assistant terminal foremen employed at the Bensselaer roundhouse. His duties were to supervise and inspect not only heavy quarterly repairs to engines, but also the application of pressure to engines whose steam had failed, as well as daily inspection of engines going into the roundhouse at the end of their runs. His work as assistant foreman was to supervise the men under him, keeping them busy on the various tasks performed, which consisted both of heavy repair work and also of work on engines employed in and not withdrawn from interstate commerce. McGowan’s task was not confined to any one particular job in the shop but covered different kinds of work done there, including supervision over ■the mechanics to see that their work was properly performed. Even though he might have a gang working on heavy quarterly repairs, yet, if circumstances required, as on the occasion of his injury, he would leave his quarterly work and take charge of the temporary emergency, which in this instance involved supervising and inspecting the application of steam pressure needed by engine 5206.
The railroad challenges the State Industrial Board’s jurisdiction on two grounds: (1) that McGowan’s manifold duties of supervising and inspecting work upon engines in both classes of commerce constituted employment so related to interstate transportation as to be substantially a part of it; and (2) that, regardless of the first ground, McGowan was engaged in a federal task at the moment of his injury because of the character of the instrumentality to which steam pressure was being applied under his supervision and inspection. If the first ground urged by the railroad is tenable, we need not consider the second, to which the opinion of Presiding Justice Hill is mainly directed.
Hnder controlling authorities, in this court and others, McGowan’s task was federal. Ever since Erie R. R. Co. v. Winfield (244 U. S. 170), it has been settled that a railroad *276employee is within the Federal Employers ’ Liability Act where his daily task is in both interstate and intrastate commerce. “ If there is an element of interstate commerce in a traffic or employment it determines the remedy of the employee. ’ ’ (Philadelphia & Reading R. Co. v. Polk, 256 U. S. 332, 334.)
So, too, where an employee’s task is “ an intimate and integral part of ” a railroad carrier’s duties in furtherance of interstate transportation. (Kinzell v. Chicago M. & St. P. R. Co., 250 U. S. 130, 134.)
“If * * * the nature of the work in which the plaintiff was employed at the time of his injury was in furtherance of both kinds of commerce, then he could assert his rights only under the Federal Employers ’ Liability Act. ’ ’ (Tanona v. N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. Co., 301 Mass. 589, 592.)
“It is the employment that determines whether or not the injury to the employee is within the purview of the act and not necessarily the particular act of the employee at the precise time of his injury. * * * He was engaged in both interstate and intrastate commerce, and in such case the liability of his employer was fixed by the Federal Employers’ Liability Act and not by the Workmen’s Compensation Act.” (Wheelock v. Industrial Comm., 318 111. 537, 541, 542, 544.)
The applicable test is whether the character of the work performed by an employee is such as to facilitate the movement of trains in interstate commerce, and not whether that work is static or dynamic in character. (Rader v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 108 F. [2d] 980, 984, 985; certiorari denied, 309 U. S. 682.)
The United States Supreme Court has thus summarized the doctrine of the cases hereinbefore cited: “ Generally, when applicability of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act is uncertain, the character of the employment, in relation to commerce, may be adequately tested by inquiring whether, at the time of the injury, the employee was engaged in work so closely connected with interstate transportation as practically to be a part of it.” (Southern Pacific Co. v. Industrial Accident Comm., 251 U. S. 259, 263.)
In 2 Eoberts on Federal Liabilities of Carriers (2d ed.), it is said: “ Service in employment does not commonly consist of isolated, unrelated acts, but rather of a series of acts, separable and perhaps dissimilar, strung together upon a thread of common purpose. The particular act which attends the injury is significant only as it shows or tends to show the ¿ nature of the work ’ with respect to interstate commerce. It may or may not be sufficient, of itself, to show that nature. But while the specific *277act in progress at the moment of injury may be devoid of character as to commerce, or may tend to show that the employee’s work was intrastate in nature, yet if such act is considered as one step in a series of acts, it might clearly show the work to have been interstate in nature.” (§ 727.) Also: “ * * * participation in interstate commerce being shown, it is of no consequence, in determining the applicability of the liability statute, that he was also serving otherwise than in such commerce. And this is none the less true althoúgh the interstate service was in fact incidental to the other. The demands of the federal law being paramount, existence of interstate service in any degree controls the situation and renders the federal liability statute applicable.” (§ 728.)
It was this principle which governed this court’s decision that the federal act controlled the case of a brakeman who was injured while unloading a package in transit intrastate from his train which was also carrying freight in transit interstate. (Evans v. U. S. Railroad Administration, 191 App. Div. 704.) Following the Evans case, this court classified as federal the task of a brakeman who was injured while cutting out from a train, made up of cars in transit both interstate and intrastate, a car which carried no interstate freight. (Matter of Nelson v. U. S. Railroad Administration, 193 App. Div. 919.) Citing, among others, our decision in the Evans case, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts classified as federal the task of a baggageman who, at the moment of his injury, was loading an intrastate shipment upon an interstate train which could not start its journey until the intrastate shipment was on board. (Saunders v. B. & M. R. R., 287 Mass. 56.) In May, 1920, this court, on the authority of two California cases, applied the federal act to the case of a flagman employed at a crossing to signal interstate and intrastate trains. (Matter of Hanley v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 192 App. Div. 936.) In May of the following year, the United States Supreme Court ruled likewise. (Philadelphia & Reading R. Co. v. DiDonato, 256 U. S. 327.) To the same effect are: (Flunn v. N. Y., S. & W. R. R. Co., 90 N. J. L. 450, 453; Walker v. Chicago, I. and L. R. Co., 66 Ind. App. 165; Dunlavy v. C. B. & Q. R. R. Co., 200 Ill. App. 75; and West v. Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co., 174 N. C. 125).
In our classification of this case we must bear in mind the admonitions of Judge Cardozo to avoid “ an undue subdivision of a service which in reality was single and entire ” (Matter of Quirk v. Erie R. R. Co., 235 N. Y. 405, 407), and that “ the reasonable exigencies of commerce in the light of presently *278existing facts must fix the nature of the service, the field of its utility.” (Matter of Libertucci v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 252 N. Y. 182, 186.)
Matter of Zmuda v. D., L. & W. R. R. Co. (268 N. Y. 659), invoked by respondent and cited by the Presiding Justice, dealt with an operator of a turntable at a roundhouse, a plant instrumentality according to Mr. Justice Van Kirk’s classification in Scelfo v. B., R. & P. R. Co. (211 App. Div. 243). Moreover, the Zmuda case is pertinent only in connection with the second ground of appellant’s challenge to the jurisdiction of the State Industrial Board, but consideration thereof is unnecessary in view of the conclusion herein reached with respect to the first ground.
The award should he reversed and the claim dismissed, with costs to the appellant against the State Industrial Board.
Cbapser and Heffebnan, JJ., concur with Hill, P. J.; SchEnck, J., dissents, in an opinion in which Foster, J., concurs.
Award affirmed with costs to the State Industrial Board.