Upon the 19th day of June, 1893, the common council of the city of Brooklyn passed a resolution purporting to grant to the Nassau Electric Railroad Co. the right to construct and operate an electric road upon certain streets in the city of Brooklyn. Upon the same day the said council passed a resolution purporting to grant to the Kings County Electric Railway Co. the right to construct and operate an electric road upon certain other streets in the city of Brooklyn. Upon the same day the said council passed a resolution purporting to grant to the Brooklyn City Railroad Co. the right to construct and operate an electric road upon certain other streets in the city of Brooklyn. Upon the twenty-third day of June these resolutions were approved by the mayor of said city. This action is brought by the plaintiff, a taxpayer in said city, to have declared void the franchises thus granted to the Nassau Electric Railroad Co. and the Kings County Electric Railway Co., on the ground that the same were fraudulently granted and constituted a waste of the city’s property.
In the case of Adamson v. Union Railroad Company, 74 Hun, 3, the law has been declared in this department to be that where the common council grants to a railroad company for nothing a franchise for which the city is offered a substantial sum of money by another railroad company, and where *602such action is in bad faith and as a matter of favor to the company receiving the grant, such action amounts to a waste of the public funds of the municipality, and is within the condemnation of the statute under which this action is brought.
This decision, whether right or wrong, must control my decision in any case which involves the principle decided. It must follow- as a corollary to the proposition decided that if the council, in bad faith and as a matter of favoritism, grants to a railroad company a franchise for a less sum than could be obtained from a competing company, such an act is also within the condemnation of the statute, and this action will lie to declare the same void. Two propositions of fact then remain to be established by the plaintiff to entitle him to the decree of the court: (1) That the franchises were granted for a less sum than could be obtained from a competing company. (2) That such franchises were given in bad faith and as matter of favoritism to the defendant companies.
First. The provision for compensation contained in the grants, both to the Nassau and to the Kings County companies, requires the companies to pay into the treasury of the city one per cent of the gross earnings until the gross earnings shall amount to the sum of $20,000 per mile; thereafter two per cent until the gross earnings shall amount to the sum of $40,000 per mile; thereafter three per cent upon the" said amount of gross earnings. Some question is raised as to whether these consents are to be construed as referring to a mile of siiigle track or double track. I cannot see that the question has any material bearing until the company shall earn at least $40,000 per mile of double track, in which case the construction of the statute would determine whether the company was to pay three or four per cent upon its gross earnings. Nor is it necessary to determine whether under the statute the franchises could have been sold at auction, or granted for a lump sum instead of for the percentage compensation. Under the statute the common council clearly had the right to exact the full three per cent on all the gross earnings received. They did not exact the limit of compensation within the law. The *603Union Street Eailway Go. had offered over $250,000 for these franchises granted to the defendant companies. For some portions of the streets granted by these consents they had offered the sum of $20,000 per mile. The Brooklyn City Eailroad Oo. had offered $150,000 for substantially the same privileges. Both in their written communication to the council and at the public meetings of the committee, upon June ninth, the Union Street Eailway Co. had, through its attorneys, requested, if other companies should bid higher, that such fact might be made known to them that they might raise their bid if they were so advised. The Brooklyn City Eailroad Co. had made a similar request in its petition to the common council. The Union Street Eailway Co. had further requested, if any other form of compensation was to be called for, that the terms and conditions might be given to them that they might bid thereupon. The compensation exacted was so exacted not upon any bid by any company. There was no effort made to ascertain whether the defendant companies themselves were not willing to pay more for the franchises. No opportunity was given, either to the Union Street Eailway Co. or the Brooklyn City Eailroad Co., to bid therefor upon the percentage system. It is impossible to ascertain to any degree of accuracy what would be the profits to the city under the system adopted. When, however, the common council granted these franchises, for a part only of the compensation which it was authorized to exact, to two electric companies, Who had made no offers whatever, witlioxxt any endeavor on the part of the council to secui’e a greater compensation, and without any opportunity to two competing companies to bid therefor, who were asking these franchises and asking an opportunity to bid, then, in my judgment, a prvma faeie case of waste is made. The trastees must then assxxme the burden of showing that they have secured for their cestuis que trustent a fair valxxe for the franchises. This bxirden they have not assumed axxd have not met. I must, therefore, find, both xxpon the facts and the presumptions, that the compensation that was exacted was less than could have been procured for the said franchises.
*604Second. Was such action in bad faith, and as a matter of favoritism to the defendant companies ? There was no requirement of law that the council should exact anything for these franchises. They could have given them away, provided their action was in good faith, and, as they supposed, for the best ■interests of the city. It is only when waste or injury to the funds of the city is the result of bad faith and favoritism that this action is authorized. The consents are -regular upon their face. Some compensation is exacted. Fraud must be proved. The presumption of good faith always attaches to an act of a public officer. We must look, then, behind the grants of the franchises and ascertain whether they were in fact given by the members of the board in the honest fulfillment of their trust and for what they supposed to be the best interests of'the city.
In examining this question it is proper to inquire what relations, if any, existed between the members of the board whose actions are questioned and the defendant companies. It appears from the evidence that in 1892, by the voice of the same thirteen members of the council who voted for the franchises here in suit, with one exception, valuable franchises were given without compensation to the Union Bailroatl Oo. and the Coney Island, Fort Hamilton & Brooklyn Bailroad Co. In both of these conqianies Mr. Flynn, who is the president of the defendant companies, is largely interested. It appears* that in the Union Bailroad Co. he owned a large part, if not a majority of the stock. The gifts of the city franchises at that time were made in the face of an offer by the Union Street Bailway Co. of $30,000 therefor, which offer was entirely ignored. In April, 1893, the same thirteen aider-men who voted for the franchises here attacked, with one exception, passed resolutions purporting to grant to these defendant companies, without any compensation whatever, substantially the same franchises which are here granted. This was done in the face of an offer from the Brooklyn City Bailroad Co. of $150,000 for the very franchises which these aldermen sought to give away to these defendant companies. *605Both of these attempted gifts miscarried. They are properly considered, however, when we find these same aldermen passing a resolution purporting to' grant to these defendant companies these valuable franchises for a part only of the compensation which they Avere authorized to exact, without an endeavor on their part to obtain a larger compensation therefor, and refusing an opportunity to rival companies to make any bids thereupon. I am not unmindful of that part of the mayor’s message of April seventeenth to the council in which it is asserted that by current rumor the resolutions of April tenth, by which these gifts were made to the defendant companies, Avere passed upon the assumption that the mayor had the power to regulate the compensation. There is no proof in the case which gives me any reason to believe that such was in fact the understanding of the board.
These thirteen aldermen, by whose votes this grant is assumed to have been given, have stated fully their reasons for the gift. One of those reasons is, as appears in the report of the railroad committee upon the application of the Union Street Eailway Co., that there is a grave doubt as to the power of the Union Street Eaihvay Co. to extend its route prior to the construction of its originally proposed road. Justice Cullen, in the suit of Adamson v. Union Railroad Co. had just decided that such an extension was lawful. The chairman of the railroad committee had, in the presence of others on the committee, put this question to the corporation counsel, whose ansAver Avas that if compelled to answer it without examination he should have to say “ no,” but that it was a question upon which he should like to make examination. They did not wait, however, for an examination by the corporation counsel. After the question had been fairly decided by the court, the assignment of a doubt thereupon as a reason for their action could not have been made in good faith. It is evidently a pretext and not a reason.
Another reason assigned Avas that the extensions proposed by the Union Street Eailway Co. Avere separated in several instances, not only from each other, but also from the remain*606ing routes of the Union Street Railway Co., so that if built upon they would form either distinct routes or entirely disconnected routes from the main routes of the company. If the amended petition of the Union Street Railway Co. of May twenty-second were the only information possessed by this company as to the extensions proposed, the reasons would have been good. But upon the twelfth day of June, a week before the report of this committee, there was handed to the president of the council another petition of the Union Street Railway Co., wherein the streets upon which offers were made were not disconnected from the main line or from each other. The learned counsel for the defendants argues that that amended petition was considered by the committee in making its report. If so, this reason assigned was not assigned in good faith; it was a pretext and not a reason.
Another reason assigned is. that better facilities to the traveling public would be offered by the grants to the defendant companies. The Coney Island, Fort Hamilton & Brooklyn Railroad Co. and the defendant companies were associated together, and were to be run in connection with each other. These companies had the consents of outlying towns through which they proposed to construct their roads. It was thus argued that the proposition of the defendant companies presented more of substantial benefit to the public at large than did the proposition of the Union Street Railway Co. This reason is sufficient if made in good faith. Was it so made? Nothing whatever is said in the reports of this committee about the proposition submitted by the Brooklyn City Railroad Co. That company had made application for substantially these same franchises, and had made an offer of $150,000 therefor. That company had already constructed in the city of Brooklyn and in outlying towns over 180 miles of railroad. Applications were then pending for consents for the construction of eighty miles further in outlying towns, which applications were afterwards granted. The Brooklyn City Railroad Co. not only made this cash offer, but requested an opportunity to make further bids for that franchise. If *607the reason assigned be a good reason for preferring thedefendant companies to the Union Street Bailway Go., it certainly can constitute no reason for preferring the defendant companies to the Brooklyn City Bailroad Co. Every advantage thus gained would be substantially increased by giving these grants to the Brooklyn City Bailroad Co. by reason of its extended railroad already built in and out of the city of Brooklyn. It is true that upon the nineteenth day of June the Brooklyn City Bailroad Co. was given certain franchises. But what they were given constituted a very small part of what they were asking for and asking to bid upon, and constituted no part of what was desired by the defendant companies. But again, were the reasons assigned made in good faith as against the application of the Union Street Bailway Co. ? It developed upon the trial that this company had a small capital. They had made application, however, to increase their capital stock. Of this fact the board of aldermen were notified by the amended petition submitted upon June twelfth. They requested that if there was any objection to their application by reason of any defects of form or substance that were curable, that they be made aware "of that fact that they might cure the same. Suppose a private trustee, with property of great value for sale, were requested by different persons to be allowed to bid thereon, could he ignore their offers, and sell the property for a small sum. to a friend by reason of the mere assertion of the fact that he questioned their good faith ? Any assumed doubt as to the good faith of the application of the Union Street Bail-way Co. is not a substantial reason for the rejection of their offer. That doubt could have been easily removed by tests which they were authorized to make in the making of conditions upon which such bids should be made. The council could have said to them: We doubt the good faith of your application. Prove it to us by increasing your capital stock and extending your route to include these outlying towns, and you may then bid for these franchises. In the Adamson case cited Justice Cullen, in his opinion, says : “ I deny the power *608of the common council to arbitrarily reject applications on the ground, of doubts as to the good faith of the applicants, without making an investigation on the subject.” This company was before the board and its committee, asserting its good faith and offering any vouchers that should be asked. But none were asked. The board did not care to have the proof made.
Having examined the relations of the parties and found that they were such as to cast suspicion upon this grant, and having examined the reasons assigned for their action, and having found that some, if not all, of those reasons were not made in good faith, let us look a little further and see if there is any other fact to aid us in the solution of this problem. Going back to the petitions presented, we find in the petition of the Union Street Railway Co. specific offers of- compensation for those franchises. In the petition of neither of the defendant companies was there any offer whatever of compensation. The question occurs to one at the outset, how did these companies dare to make an application without an offer, after the decision in the case of Adamson v. Union Railroad Co.? They must”have known their men. After the petitions were presented came then the public hearing before the committee on railroads, upon June ninth. There stood the attorneys for the Union Street Railway Co. making bids and increasing their own bids, and asking to be allowed to know upon what conditions they were to bid, and still the defendant companies made no bid whatever. They still were not apprehensive of the result. Upon the request of the attorney for the Union Street Railway Co. to be made acquainted with the manner of the bidding, he was informed by the chairman of the committee that they were not there for that purpose. For what purpose were they there % They were trustees of the taxpayers of the city of Brooklyn, charged by their trust to make most profitable to those taxpayers the disposition of this valuable property. They refused to give any terms of sale that willing bidders might make bids thereon. Private trustees have suffered the severest *609censure of the court for acts less flagrant. The attorneys for the Union Street Eailway Co. requested that if there be objection to their bid by reason of any defect which was curable, that they might be notified thereof that they might cure such defects and make a bid that would be acceptable to the committee and to the board. They were informed by the chairman of the railroad committee that they were not there for the purpose of detecting defects in their application — that was their lookout. Certainly, this committee, with the aid of the learned counsel, has made a most careful study, since that time, to detect such defects. They did not, however, notify the attorneys of the competing companies, so that the defects might be cured. Tet, the defendants claim that here were honest trustees, fulfilling the purposes of their trust in a faithful, conscientious manner. Come, then, to the meeting of June twelfth. Mr. Grout, in behalf of the Union Street Railway Co., presented to the president of the board its amended petition. Upon undisputed evidence, nearly all of the aldermen were present in the board room. The president took the petition and called out those thirteen aldermen who were opposed to the application. Alderman Heany went into the committee room and saw one of those thirteen aldermen reading a paper which was called the amended petition of the Union Street Eailway Co. He asked, “ What are you going to do about it ? ” The answer was, “ There will be no meeting to-day.” Very soon the president came into the council chamber and called the council to order. Six men answered to their names upon the roll call. Not one was there from among those thirteen, except Alderman Wafer, who had not acted until that time with the thirteen. No quorum was present and the council adjourned. It does not require one learned in the law to interpret such action. It is no less than dishonest evasion of duty. The learned counsel for the defendant who tried this case sees very clearly the force of this impeachment, and seeks to evade it by claiming that th’e amended petition was nevertheless considered, as appears in the reports of the committee. Even if this be true, *610it does not wipe out the history of that day and the inferences necessarily drawn from it. But if if be true, then the report of the railroad committee, in assigning as, one of the reasons for the rejection of the application of the Union Street Bail-way Co. that its routes were disconnected from each other and from the main route, has given a dishonest reason, and one that the committee knew was untrue. Oome next to the meeting of J une nineteenth. The amended petition which had been attempted tb be introduced upon June twelfth was then offered and referred at once to the railroad committee. Before looking at that petition, however, the committee made its reports, by which was recommended to be granted to the defendant companies these valuable franchises upon the terms before specified, and by which the application of the Union Street Bailway Co. was denied. It appears that the percentage method of compensation was known to the defendant companies before the meeting. Alderman Wafer swears that the railroad committee had met and determined upon the percentage plan of compensation, and had determined upon their reports. Alderman Thomas was a member of that committee and had no notice whatever of such a meeting, or no notice of the intended action of the majority of the committee. A notice was sent late to him of a meeting of which he afterward heard by accident from Alderman Jordan. That meeting he attended, but at that time there was no discussion as to the percentage plan of compensation, nor was there any determination as to what should be the report. The first information which Alderman Thomas had of the intended report of the majority of the committee was a few moments before the meeting of June nineteenth, when he was asked to sign it. Alderman Thomas was opposed to these grants. If he had been present at the meeting with the committee when the percentage plan was determined upon, probably these competing companies would have known of that fact, and have made bids upon that plan. But this was not what the railroad committee or these defendants desired. They wanted no bids upon the percentage plan. They did not even attempt to get *611a better compensation from the defendant companies. Aider-man Thomas requested that he be giveu an opportunity to examine the reports from his own committee, and that an adjournment be had for that purpose. This was refused. Speeches were made by several aldermen in opposition to these reports. Not one word was said by any one in their behalf. It appeared to be unnecessary. By the vote of these same thirteen these valuable franchises were then given to these defendant companies without giving to the Union Street Railway Co. or the Brooklyn City Railroad Co. any opportunity to bid therefor.
The learned counsel for the defendants, however, ingeniously argues that that was the plan called for by the statute; that that was the plan referred to in the message from the mayor in one of his communications to the council, and that these companies, therefore, should have known that that was the proper plan upon which they should make their bids. Whatever should have been known, however, not only the Union Street Railway Co., but also the Brooklyn City Railroad Co., understood that the compensation was to be in the form of a lump sum. It matters little what was the cause of this mistake. It existed. It was apparent to those trustees who were dealing with the property of their cestuis que trustent of great value. They knew the mistake. If they were honest trustees, they would have corrected the mistake, so that these other companies would have had an opportunity to bid upon the plan which was adopted.
The consents themselves have one significant feature. In the provision for the payment of a percentage of gross receipts is inserted the clause, “realized by it.” Under the strict wording, then, if this road were rented for a nominal sum only, the percentage could be collected only on that nominal sum. It is not necessary to construe these words so placed. Counsel for defendants argue that the percentages are to be estimated on receipts on miles of streets and not of single track, and that it is impossible that they should come below the $20,000, and will reach nearly, if not quite, $40,000. Why, *612then, was any provision inserted for one per cent on receipts less than $20,000 a mile? Has this provision any connection with the words, “ realized by it ? ” They are not found in the statute. They are carefully chosen and carefully placed. They were not put there unwittingly.'
In every act of the committee or of the thirteen aldermen who voted for these franchises there is an apparent determination to grant to these defendant companies these valuable rights for as small a sum as they dare. Foiled in their attempt to give them away, their studied effort is to prevent competition. False to their trust, they endeavor to sell the property of their eestuis que brustent for as little as they can get. The evidence of their fraudulent purpose is both direct and circumstantial. It leaves in my mind not the shadow of a doubt. Learned counsel have endeavored to cover the fraud by reports of this committee ingeniously drawn. With great ability have the counsel sought to divert the issue in this case into a trial of the good faith of the Union Street Railway Go. The amended petition of that company of May twenty-second, whereby they sought to obtain thirteen disconnected routes, may well have caused suspicion in the minds of the hoard as to the good faith in presenting the same. If they had honestly met the amended petition of June tenth, which was given to the chairman of the board upon June twelfth, and the railroad committee had been frank with this company upon June ninth, some color would have been given to the good faith of their suspicions. When their action is considered, however, in the light of the application of the Brooklyn City Railroad Co., as well as of the Union Street Railway Co., this action stands undefended. The franchises are declared void.
Ordered accordingly.