This is a motion for the final- accounting of the receivers in the above-entitled action. The only question about which there is any dispute arises upon the application of Frank P. Marshal], the assignee of a claim made by A. P. Marshall as a traveling salesman of the Cortland Manufacturing Company, Limited, under a contract of employment by the year.
The terms of that contract arose-from an. offer made on the part of the Cortland Manufacturing Company, Limited, to A. P. Marshall, dated October 17, 1892,- and is in form as follows:
“ Mr. A. P. Marshall, Lancaster, FT. H.:
"Dea'.* Sir.— We will give you $900 per year, for a term of three years, to sell our work and of such other manufacturers, as we may ask of you, we to pay your legitimate traveling expenses, and to allow you a vacation of one month, in each year, and two months if business will permit.
“ Tours respectfully,
“ CORTLAND MANUFACTURING CO., LIMITED.”
This offer was replied to by Marshall as follows:
“ Accepted,
“ A. P. Marshall.”
The whole agreement is upon one sheet of paper. Upon the motion, it is conceded' that the claimant went into the service of the corporation and he continued in its service down to the time of its dissolution, and the appointment of the receivers.
It is also conceded that the sum of $1,017.58-, was due to- Marshal] at the time of the appointment of the receivers, exclusively for his services so rendered to said company, his expenses having been paid therefore by said company; and that such services so rendered by him were performed, and the sum due him therefor was earned, exclusively in selling the property and out-put of said company.
The receivers were appointed on the 14th day of February, 1895, and the judgment appointing them was duly filed in the Cortland county clerk’s office on the 15th dáy of February, 1895, at 9 o’clock, a. m.
*228It is also conceded that said claim was duly and regularly assigned hy A. P. Marshall to Frank P. Marshall, the present owner and holder, on the 15th day of February, 189Q, to the full extent of said claim. That assignment is made a part of the moving papers on behalf of said claimant. There was no question raised that the claim, is unfavorably affected by the assignment thereof to the present' claimant.
The only question left for discussion is the interpretation of the statute giving a preference to employees, etc., as'passed May 29, 1885-, under chapter 376. See Laws 1885, p. 624,
The act is entitled:
“ An act to provide for the payment of wages to employees, operatives and laborers of domestic corporations, other than insurance and moneyed corporations, of which a receiver shall be appointed.
“ Passed May 29, 1885.
“ The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:
“ Section 1. Where a receiver of a corporation created or organized under the laws of this state and doing business therein, other than insurance and moneyed' corporations, shall be appointed, the wages of the employees, operatives and laborers thereof shall be preferred to every other debt or claim" against such corporation, and shall be paid by the receiver from the money of such corporation which shall first come into his hands.
“ § 2. This act shall take effect immediately.”
The statute is exceedingly broad in its terms and was undoubtedly intended to cover every case where manual service is performed and also to cover all classes, of service and labor performed by all employees, operatives and servants, when that work, labor or service has actually been performed for the corporation, ■ under a contract with it, when such labor, Service or employment has been directly performed in the business of the corporation in adding benefit and value, in creating products," and in adding money assets to the business of the corporation, by persons other than foremen and superintendents, assuming the place of the master.
The first proposition arising in this case is, what is an employee, as distinguished from án operative, which must have a "special meaning: as one ivorking directly in the trade, operating the machinery, or performing labor as an operative, in' the business of the corporation?
*229The statute also provides for the class of ordinary laborers in the service of a corporation and performing manual labor in the business of the corporation.
A former statute, making stockholders of a corporation hable for services performed, did not embrace within its terms the word “ employee.” See Laws 1848, chap. 40, § 18. This statute fixes the liability of stockholders for debts due to laborers and servants: Dean v. De Wolfe, 16 Hun, 186.
The case of Wakefield v. Fargo, 90 N. Y. 213, holds that one employed under that act, at a yearly salary as bookkeeper and general manager, is not a laborer, servant or apprentice.
It is a familiar construction of statutes that where a new statute is enacted, or where a new or additional class of privileged persons is provided for, in the same line of business, we are to look at the intent of the legislature to see what has been added, the manner in which the statute has been extended or broadened, and the object of the new enactment. We must assume then, that an “ employee,”-as used in the statute, means something more than an operative or laborer.
“ Employee is defined by Webster as follows: “One who is employed.” Worcester defines the same word, “ One who is employed; an oficial; a clerk; a servant.” In the Standard Dictionary, a more recent work, the word is defined: “ A person who is employed; one who works for wages or a salary; one who is engaged in the service of, or is • employed by another.” This word is the counterpart of “ employer,” defined by the last authority: “ One who employs; one who uses or engages the services of other persons for pay.”
In the case of Gurney v. Atlantic & Great West. R. R. Co., 58 N. Y. 358, a legal construction has been given to the word “employee:” “The term employee in its ordinary and usual sense includes all whose services are rendered for another; it is not restricted to any kind of employment or service, but includes as well the professional man as the common laborer.”
Some conflict has arisen in this state, and decisions have been rendered by some of the General Terms, construing, in different ways, .the statute of 1885.
In People v. Remington, 45 Hun, 329, decided in the fourth department, there was only one important question actually before the court, now left undisturbed, and that is whether class 13, which embraces claims of laborers for wages earned and due *230prior to the passage of the ■ act, were saved by the statute. It was the only allowance made by the Special Term from which an appeal was taken against the claimants. The claimants appealed from the claims disallowed, Follett, J., in an elaborate opinion, goes into the entire subject anid some confusion has arisen in attempting to follow what Was there discussed. • Many of those subjects were important only in that case, arising from peculiar circumstances and conditions, growing out of claims, the decision of which are not involved in the case at bar. Merwin, J.," dissented, and his view has been sustained in 148 N. Y., post.
The Remington case, in principle, was affirmed in 109 N. Y. 631. The same doctrine, arising under the General Assignment Act, was held in In re Scott, 148 N. Y. 588, “ not "to be retrospective.”
There is a class of cases arising under the General Assignment Act of 1877 which does not apply to the' case at bar for the reason that- chapter 40, section 18, Laws of 1848, as I have suggested heretofore, embraces “ A liability for all debts that may be due and owing to their laborers, servants and apprentices, for services performed for such corporation.” Wakefield v. Fargo, 90 N. Y. 213, supra.
Justice Follett, in the Remington case, supra, follows this last, cited case and adopts from it the following suggestion: “ It seems that' the services referred to are menial or manual services performed by one of a class whose members, usually look to the reward of a. day’s labor' for immediate or present support.” See page 217, át the bottom of the page.
■ It was held in the case of Burley v. Hartson, 40 Hun, 121, under the General. Assignment Act, as amended by chapter 328 of the. Laws of 1884, that an assignment is not void, nor are its provisions ineffectual when that class of preferences are left out of the assignment; holding that the law is .sufficient' to cover that class of cases and must be construed with the statute. The same doctrine was followed in Johnston v. Kelly, 43 Hun, 319;. Richardson v. Thurber, 104 N. Y. 606.
The Assignment Act of 1877 was again .amended by chapter 283, Laws of 1886, by enacting: “ The wages or salaries actually owing to the employees of the assignor or assignors shall be preferred before any other ■ debt.” This was evidently an extending ■ and enlargement of the former act, and is in conflict with the decisions under the former law.
*231This last amendment of the statute was construed in In re Heath, 46 Hun, 114. In that case the referee rejected the claim of George E. Pettit for a balance of $517, for wages due him for services rendered as a traveling agent of the assignor, upon the ground that, by taking a note due at a future time, he had converted his salary into an indebtedness. Barker, J., wrote the opinion and the court unanimously reversed the feuding of the referee, so far as that claim was concerned, and upheld the allowance for that class of services. This doctrine was affirmed. In re Scott, 148 N. Y. 588, supra, which upon principle is a direct authority in the case at bar.
There are several cases arising under the act of 1885, and it must be conceded that they are not absolutely in harmony.
In Brown v. A. B. C. Fence Co., 52 Hun, 151, it was held that a person employed to assist the general manager of a corporation in keeping its books and to clean the office and showroom of the corporation, etc., us an employee within the meaning of the Laws of 1885. In the opinion, Daniels, J., in speaking of the Wakefield-Fargo case, 90 N. Y. 213, supra, as well as other cases preceding this one, says: “ These cases all arose under an entirely different statute, more limited in its language than the act under which this application has been made; for this act not only includes operatives and laborers, but also employees, which latter term is of broader signification in its general acceptance, and includes all persons employed, but restricted, as it should be, to the general description of persons who may be designated as laborers, operatives and employees.” Citing Gurney v. Atlantic R. R. Co., 58 N. Y. 358, supra, and accepting the definition there made of employee; but still suggests a limitation which is unwarranted by the facts in that case, following the Remington case in 45 Hun, supra.
In the case of In re Stryker, 73 Hun, 327, the General Term, in the fourth department, again limits the class of employees so as to exclude bookkeepers, superintendents and foremen, paid by the month, where the performance of manual labor by them, if performed at all, is merely incidental to their general employment. Merwin, J., in writing the opinion, alludes to the cases of Short v. Medbury, 29 Hun, 39, and Wakefield v. Fargo, 90 N. Y. 213, which were actions against stockholders, under the Laws of 1848 and 1863, and to the Remington case, as reported *232in 45 Hun, and modified and affirmed in 109 N. Y., which arose under the statute of 1885.
It will be seen be a careful review of all'those cases, which are , followed in the Stryker case, that those decisions are correct upon the state of facts upon which they were decided, but some of them are not in point in the case, In re Stryker, 73 Hun, supra.
A case directly in point is the case of People v. Beveridge Brewing Co., 91 Hun, 313, where the statute is quoted and the word “ employee,”' as use'd in the statute, is given a wider signification .than the words “ laborers ” and “ apprentices.” In this case it'was held: “A bookkeeper employed.by a corporation, merely to keep its books, falls directly within the class of persons' whom the statute was designed to protect; ” and directly disapproves the Stryker case, 73 Hun, supra. In this case a careful review is made of many of the authorities to which I have alluded, and it seems to me that the decision is very much more satisfactory, and in principle more just to employees, than the cases which assume to hold the adverse doctrine. People v. Beveridge Brewing Co., is also reported in 3 N. Y. Anno. Cases, 4, with an extensive note reviewing all of the cases on the subject theretofore decided. A well digested note of the cases may also' be found, at'the close of the opinion, in the case of Van Valkenberg v. Myers, 25 Abb. N. C. 368. Johnston v. Barrills, 27 Or. 251; S. C., 50 Am. St. Rep. 717, and note.
The courts seem.to be extending the benefits of these several acts to protect employees, laborers and' servants, wherever the question has been raised.
In the Matter of Sawyer, 31 Abb. N. C. 342, where the employment of one, by the-year, at a fixed salary, and an additional percentage on the net profits of the business conducted by him, amounting to a certain sum, it was held that, under the amended Assignment'Act, he was an employee, within the meaning, of that act, and entitled to preference. An extensive note is here appended reviewing the cases in this and other states.
In the case of Metropolitan Trust Co. v. Tonawanda Valley R. R. Co., 103 N. Y. 245, at page 250, Daniels, J., says: " A different relation is established by the act of 1885, chapter 376, which requires a receiver of such a corporation to pay the wages of its employees and laborers in preference to other debts and claims.” This case arose before the statute of 1885, in a mortgage foreclosure, where an application was made to compel *233the receiver to issue certificates for services performed. It will he seen that both by legislative construction, and by all of the well-digested cases referred to, that it is becoming the law of this state that preferences of this character shall be made.
Under chapter 899 of the Laws of 1895, page 729, an additional statute was enacted, making it the duty of a receiver who is appointed in winding up the affairs of a copartnership, “ To prefer and pay the wages of any servant, domestic, or employee, due or owing to them and giving them a preference and priority over and above any and all other creditors, to be paid out of the first moneys coming into his hands as receiver after such appointment.”
It seems to me that there can be no escaping the conclusion that this act must have a liberal, fair, broad and just interpretation, and must be held to have been intended to embrace all classes of employees who are conceded to have rendered services to the corporation prior to the receivership proceedings.
The amount due the claimant in this case is large, but it is made So by the provision of the contract. His wages, by the terms of the contract, were not due until the end of the year, .and he had no power to enforce their payment until due. But a single month had elapsed after his year’s salary was due before the appointment of the receivers; so- that he was not negligent, nor does he fall within the rule contended for by the noncqncurring judges of the Court of Appeals in the case, In re Scott, 143 N. Y., supra.
If I am correct in the conclusions which I have reached, the receivers must, in the final order, be directed to pay this" claim out of the balance of the assets in their hands before the final distribution of the fund.
Or, if an appeal shall be taken, the amount of this claim against the corporation must be set aside and invested until the final hearing and determination, together with a sufficient sum to pay the costs and disbursements of that litigation. The amount involved is sufficient to go to the Court of Appeals. That court can pass upon and finally settle this question, if desirable.
Ordered accordingly.