The action was brought to recover for certain advertising done by the plaintiff for “ W. 0. Loftus & Co.,” and the plaintiff sued Thomas J. Loftus, this appellant, together with W. C. Loftus, as copartners, composing .the firm of W. C. Loftus & Co. The appellant, by separate answer, denied the copartnership, and that was the issue upon which the jury found in favor of the plaintiff.
*318Evidence was given by the plaintiff of statements made by the appellant, which were claimed to' constitute an admission that the-latter was a copartner, and that the plaintiff' relied upon these statements, as furnishing the ground of the recovery against the appellant by estoppel; -but the plaintiff also claimed, upon the evidence, that the actual fact of the copartnership was established by'the defendant’s acts, as well as his admissions, and the jury were instructed that they were to find "upon two questions, (1) whether there was an actual copartnership, and (2) whether the appellant held himself out to the plaintiff or the plaintiff’s representative as a partner. . - *. .
As the jury were at liberty to render their verdict for the plaintiff upon either of the two propositions submitted to them, and as they may have found_ in favor of the plaintiff upon the theory of an actual copartnership, and not upon the basis of the admissions-upon which the plaintiff relied, it is necessary to inquire whether there was error as claimed by the appellant in the rejection of testimony upon the former issue.
The plaintiff gave evidence tending to show by the acts and declarations of Thomas J. Loftus that he was interested in the business carried on under the name of W. G. Loftus & Co. The defendants offered certain evidence for the purpose of disproving the alleged copartnership, but this evidence was excluded by the-court. It should be understood, that during the period that the alleged copartnership was said to exist, the defendants, who were brothers, had apparently separate places of business; one being a wholesale or jobbing business in dry goods, etc., in Walkér street, carried on by Thomas J. Loftus, separately, and the others being retail shops, to the number of six, in different parts of the city, where W. 0. Loftus & Go. carried on the business of retail tailors and manufacturers of clothes to order. The plaintiff endeavored to show that Thomas J. Loftus was a partner of W. 0. Loftus in" the business carried on in these tailoring' establishments, and was, therefore, jointly liable for advertising for which W. 0. Loftus contracted with the plaintiff.
The plaintiff proved certain acts and admissions of. Thomas 'J. tp support the inference that he was interested in this business. These admissions were denied, but it was unquestioned that Thomas J. exercised authority and control over the finances and the employees of. the shops conducted in the name óf W. 0. Loftus & Go. W. 0. Loftus was not offered as a witness, but" Thomas J., who . *319alone defended the action, went upon the stand and explained that in his transactions with regard to the business of W. 0. Loftus, he acted under the instructions and at the request and for the benefit solely of his brother; that his actual relations with the latter were that of creditor and seller of goods; that it was only to secure himself for the' indebtedness which was thus¡ created, that he took possession of all the money receipts and remittances coming to W. 0. Loftus in the several shops, and made disbursements therefrom needed in the business; and that he had no interest and shared in no profits in the said business.*
To corroborate his denial of the copartnership, he offered certain witnesses to show that they were familiar with the business, or had dealt with him and his brother, and had no .knowledge of the existence of the alleged copartnership. " This evidence was excluded, and the question is, was it competent? The acts of Thomas J., tending to support the inference of the joint interest, having been proved, principally by his own testimony, how would it affect the inference to be drawn from his acts to listen to witnesses, no matter how closely connected with the parties, who could only testify that they had never seen acts indicating a copartnership, or had never heard of such copartnership, or that the fact of copartnership had never been disclosed to them?
If Thomas J. Loftus denied the alleged admission to the plaintiff that he was a copartner, how is his denial corroborated by showing that he never made such admissions to anyone else? If certain acts of his indicate that he was a copartner, how were they explained or affected by proof of other acts witnessed by other parties which would not tend to support the charge?
We may dismiss, without argument, the defendant’s attempt to prove his own or his brother’s declaration to the commercial agency, and to other parties, as to the copartnership, for such declarations of parties in their Own interests were never admissible upon such an issue. The exclusion -of testimony of an accountant as to the result of his examination of books kept by Thomas J. Loftus, showing, as he said, his business relations with his brother, was certainly proper, for he was concededly carrying on an independent wholesale business, and his books would only show, it may be assumed, what he swore to in his testimony, viz., that his relations with W. 0. Loftus were merely those of seller and creditor. How would it strengthen his testimony to produce the entries which he had made to that effect, and when are entries made by a party or under his *320direction admissible to corroborate his oral testimony of'his transactions, except to show, in a disputed case, to whom a credit' was given? .
But, it may be urged that, when the legal adviser of W. 0. Loftus and the appellant was placed on the stand, his testimony as to whether W. O. Loftus had a partner, and who that' partner was, differed in character from the other excluded testimony. This suggestion can only be based upon the assumption that the actual truth of the relation of the parties would be disclosed by the defendants to their counsel, and that, "if they did not confide sirch an arrangement as a copartnership to him, it might be inferred by the jury that none existed. But, is this, after all, anything more than an attempt to prove the declarations of the parties ini then own interests? If the object was to show that-the witness had heard no statements and had seen no documents and witnessed no transactions from which a copartnership could be inferred, then the case is not much better than'that of the offender who. proposed to rebut the proofs of his guilt, furnished by witnesses of the act, by calling a much greater, number of witnesses to testify that they had not seen- it.
The rulings of the court excluding this testimony were made upon objections in some instances that it was incompetent, and in others, that. it was merely immaterial and irrelevant. As this evidence could not be made competent, the exclusion upon the objections mentioned may be sustained. Tooley v. Bacon, 70 N. Y. 34.
A great number of exceptions were taken by appellant to the. rulings of the court upon requests of both parties for instructions, and to modifications by the court of certain of such requests-. It appears from the case that the jury were fully and fairly and correctly instructed as to the law upon the issues before them,, and none of the exceptions discloses error. The exceptions to rulings upon the evidence and upon the appellant’s motions were not well taken. . The .fact that the contract for advertising was signed by Wi G. Loftus alone does not preclude a recovery against the, co-partnership since it discloses an intention to make it, not as an individual, but. as a copartnership, obligation.
The judgment should be affirmed.
McAdam and Bischoff, JJ., concur.
Judgment affirmed.