These two actions, tried and argued as one, •are brought by the plaintiff corporation, “ The Colonial Dames of America,” respectively, against another Mew York corporation, “ The Colonial Dames of the State of Mew York,” and an unin•corporated association called “ The Rational Society of the Colonial Dames of America,” and the relief sought in each case is a permanent injunction restraining the defendants from continuing to use the names severally adopted by them, on the ground that such names are substantially the same as the name of the plaintiff, and constitute an infringement upon -the plaintiff’s right to the exclusive use of that name.
The circumstances concerning the origin of the three organizations, so far as it is necessary to refer to them, are as follows: In the spring of 1890 a group of ladies in the city of Mew York formed an unincorporated society for the purpose of promoting the study of the colonial days of the country, and of perpetuating the memory of the men and events of those times, and of pro*11tecting and preserving any relics, whether buildings or writings or of some other character, still surviving from that period. After some discussion, the name “ Colonial Dames of America ” was adopted as a suitable designation of the society so formed, membership in which was limited to women descended from ancestors living in this country during the colonial period.
By April, 1891, several ladies of Philadelphia had become members of this society, a Pennsylvania chapter having been inaugurated. On April 8, 1891, another society, similarly constituted and for similar purposes, was organized in Philadelphia, and .adopted the name “ The Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Dames of America.” Overtures were promptly made by the Pennsylvania society to the New York society for a union upon the basis of independent State organizations, which should, after a sufficient number had been formed, unite into a national society. The New York society held aloof from that proposal, however, and proceeded at once to incorporate under the laws of this State. The Pennsylvania society continued, and succeeded in its plan of forming a national society, which society is the defendant in one of these actions, and is called The National Society of Colonial Dames ■of America. At the present time it has branches in thirty-five different States, and numbers over 4,000 members.
Meanwhile, and in April, 1893, the other defendant, The Colonial Dames of the State of New York, was incorporated, and already numbers over 500 members. The plaintiff has a membership of about 300.
At the outset it should be noted that this case is unique in that none of the parties is engaged in any business, in the sense of seeking financial gain. On the contrary, all are equally seeking to accomplish patriotic and unselfish end's. It is, therefore, obvious that the rules governing the right to trade-marks and trade names, evolved, as those rules have been, from selfish attempts on the part of one person to appropriate for his financial benefit what rightfully belongs to another, and decisions of courts in thwarting such attempts, do not apply to such a case as this, or, at any rate, ought not to be applied with the same strictness.
Keeping in mind the distinction just pointed out, the following-facts are important, and, to my mind, controlling in this case: The plaintiff, with full knowledge, has stood by for all these years and made no attempt to prevent the defendants from using the *12names they have severally adopted. They have gone on increasing in membership and enlarging the field of their operations. Some idea of the importance of the work done by them can be derived from the fact that, through the instrumentality or initiative of the Rhode Island branch alone of the one defendant, a sum exceeding $21,000 was raised and spent for the-relief of our soldiers during the recent Spanish war; while the other defendant has, since its organization, and for various purposes, collected and disbursed a still larger sum.
There may be some significance, moreover, so far as one of the defendants is concerned at least, in the circumstance that, after the plaintiff was incorporated in this State, its own certificate of incorporation was accepted and filed by the Secretary of State, there being at the time a statute prohibiting the filing of a certificate of incorporation of any corporation having the same name as an existing corporation, or a name so nearly resembling it as to be calculated to deceive.
However that may be, there certainly is some significance in the fact that the Legislature of the State, by chapter 837 of the Laws of 1896, recognized not only the existence, but the name, of the same defendant by authorizing the department of parks of this city to intrust to it the Van Cortlandt Mansion in Van Gortlandh Park. In pursuance of that authority the property was leased to the society for a long period, and is now under its control and care.
Another important consideration telling in favor of the defendants is found in the fact that there is no proof that anyone has ever joined either of them in mistake for the plaintiff, or has been otherwise deceived or seriously confused as to the identity of the three societies, and, from the nature of the case, it seems hardly possible that any such mistakes can ever accrue, to an important extent, at least. There has been, it is true, some miscarriage of mail, many letters intended for the defendant, the Oolonial Dames of the State of Hew York, having been, in the first instance, delivered to the plaintiff. It is denied, however, that any of plaintiff’s mail has ever been delivered to the defendant. Under such circumstances, the plaintiff has no grievance. Commercial Advertiser Assn. v. Haynes, 26 App. Div. 279.
If this were a controversy between ordinary business concerns, and to be determined strictly in accordance with precedents, there would still be a serious doubt as to the plaintiff’s right to an in*13junction. In the Hygeia Water Ice Co. v. New York Hygeia Ice Co., 140 N. Y. 94, the court, under the particular facts of that case, refused to restrain the defendant from the further use of its name, although the similarity there was, in my opinion, fully as great as it is here.
But, as before said, this is not a case to be tested strictly by the ordinary class of authorities, and, therefore, no further reference will be made to such authorities. Reasons which may be all-sufficient to induce a court to restrain a defendant from making money that a plaintiff is entitled to make may be wholly inadequate to warrant such interference where it is a question of doing good deeds. In such a case the public welfare will not be conserved by too great astuteness in recognizing the exclusive rights that sometimes are accorded to priority. . The work as well as the workers should be considered, and chiefly considered; because it is more important that philanthropic work should be done than that any particular person should have the gratification of doing it.
In this case I certainly shall not attempt to tie the hands of any of the parties. If there is any advantage in the peculiarly suitable appellation “ Colonial Dames,” let them all have that advantage. If they cannot see their way to a composition of their differences and to a union, or if they think they can do better acting separately, so be it. I will not lay a straw in the way of any of them, but rather wish them all Godspeed and the fullest measure of success in their good efforts.
Judgment for the defendant in each case, but without costs.
Judgment for defendant in each case, without costs.