Section 10 of the labor law provides that “A child under the age of fourteen years shall not be employed in any factory of this state ”; and that a child between the ages of 14 and 16 years shall not be so employed unless a certificate of a health officer of the age, description and physical condition of such child, as prescribed by following sections, be filed in the office of the employer.
On the trial it was ruled by the court (1) that the employment of the plaintiff by the defendant in its factory made it liable for the injury to him by a machine, and (2) that by reason of the statute the questions of the plaintiff’s contributory negligence and assumption of the risk of the employment could not enter into the case.
1. As to the first proposition. Either the violation of the statute is a breach of duty by employer to employee, or an act of negligence, if some will have it so phrased, which makes the employer liable, or else it is not. There can be no middle ground.
It cannot be left to the jury to find in one case that it does make him liable and in the next that it does not. That would make the question more variable than the length of the chancellor’s foot, as chancellors came and went, to use *184a saying once very rife in chancery concerning the exercise of discretion byj different chancellors. The question is not one of fact but of law.
In the Marino case (173 N. Y. p. 537), which also rested on this statute, Judge Haight, after citing decisions showing that one is liable for damages done to another by an omission or violation of a statute duty of the former to the latter, says (a nonsuit having been granted).
“ We, therefore conclude, that under the evidence and the principle of these authorities, at least, a question of fact was presented for the determination of the jury.”
And Chief Judge Parker says (p. 537) :
“ May not the violation of the statute in the case of injuries which could not have happened but for its violation constitute evidence of negligence to be considered by the triers of fact ” ?
And again (p. 538) :
“ The violation of the statute is, as against the child whom the state deems incompetent to contract for such forbidden service, a wrongful and negligent act, which of itself furnishes some evidence of negligence in cases where the accident could not have happened but for an employment to work in a factory ”; that is, the “ wrongful and negligent act ” of employing the child is only “ some ” evidence that it was wrong or negligent to employ the child.
The dubious tone of these learned opinions leaves trial judges in doubt as to what to do. The violation of the statute is “ some ” evidence of negligence, or “ at least ” presents a question of fact, say these opinions. But a trial judge in charging a jury cannot be dubious, or blow both hot and cold. He has to state the law explicitly.
Where this phrase of “ some evidence ” was first used on this head I do not know. It is used in McGrath v. N. Y. C. R. Co. (63 N. Y. p. 531), but in a way probably not misleading. It was the case of a violation of a city ordinance, like the latter case of Knupfle v. Knickerbocker Ice Co. (84 N. Y. 488).
The truth is (as is apparent to our educated profession) that the violation of a duty created by a city ordinance or *185any other statute, is no different to a violation of a duty created by a rule of the common law. Just the same in each case, if it injures another, the wrongdoer is liable to him, as a matter of law. There is no distinction whatever, as trial judges have to declare continuously. Confused verbiage is not suffered in any science to obscure plain principles. Every piece of evidence is “ some evidence.” An ordinance is “ some evidence ” in the general mass, but if A injure B by the violation of a duty to B imposed by the ordinance, he is liable as matter of law; otherwise the ordinance has no weight or force in the case, and would only serve to mislead a jury, the same as an inapplicable statute or common law rule.
To have instructed the jury in. the present case that the violation of the statute was “ some evidence ” of the defendant’s violation of the duty he owed to the plaintiff under the statute, or of his negligence, if you prefer, and that it was for them to say whether it was enough to' establish the fact of liability,' would háve been quite absurd, it seems to me, and only a puzzle to the jury. Is it possible that it may be left to a jury to say it is enough in one case1 but not enough in the next case? It makes the defendant liable in every case or else in none.
2. As to the second proposition, whether the question of the child’s contributory negligence, or assumption of the risk of the employment, can enter into the case.
The Marino case decides that the effect of the statute is, at all events, to prevent the child’s negligence or assumption of risk being held established as matter of law, as could have been done before the statute.
The question is whether the next step is to be taken, and it is to be held that such negligence and assumption of risk cannot be found as matter of fact, either.
In the Marino case the court holds through the principal opinion (p. 534) that “ the statute in effect declares that a child under the age specified does not possess the judgment, discretion, care and caution necessary for the engagement in such a dangerous avocation, and is therefore not, as a matter of law, chargeable with contributory negligence or with *186having assumed the risks of the employment in such occupation.”
The question there before the court was whether such negligence and assumption of risk might be held as matter of law, as the trial judge had dlone in dismissing the complaint, and that was all that the court decided.
But is it any more perceivable or clear that the legislature meant that judges should not thereafter be permitted to find such negligence or assumption of risk, than that juries should not be permitted to- do so, as both had been permitted .to do theretofore? Is there a word' or indication in the statute that the intention was to change the law in the one respect but not in the other?
The statute establishes (says our highest court) that children under fourteen are not mentally fit, do1 “ not possess the judgment, discretion, care and caution ”, to be suffered to assume the risk or incur the dangers to life and limb of factory work. Are the courts nevertheless going to submit to juries in each case in spite of the statute whether such children do “possess the judgment, discretion, care and caution ” to assume the risks of the employment, and commit contributory negligence, and in that way allow the employer to.be exonerated from the consequences of his defiance of the statute, according to the varying opinions or interests of jurors?
This is a statute which marks an epoch in the progress of humanity, and the courts should not get in its way or whittle it down, as courts have done in the past.
The cases to which I am cited by the defendant (Gallenkamp v. Garvin Machine Co. 91 App. Div. 141; Lowery v. Anderson Co. 96 App. Div. 465) cannot be said to have really considered, much less decided, the question1.
The motion is denied.