An order to show cause has been heretofore issued, upon application made in behalf of a legislative committee, directing William Barnes, Jr., to show cause why a warrant should not be issued to the sheriff of the county of Albany committing said Barnes to jail, there to remain until he produces before such committee certain books of the Albany Journal Company, a corporation having its office at Albany, which books he has refused' to produce, and answers certain questions which he has refused to answer.
•Section 856 of the Code of Civil Procedure, authorizing issuance of the warrant applied for, must be read in connection with preceding sections.
Section 854 provides that, when a committee of - either house of the Legislature has been duly empowered by resolution to take testimony during a session thereof, or after the adjournment thereof,, the attendance of a person or witness may be required by subpcena issued under the hand of the chairman or a majority of the committee requiring the person to attend, and also, in a proper case, to bring with him a book or paper.
Section 855 requires a person duly subpoenaed to obey the subpcena and provides that, upon his failure so to do, he *173shall be liable for certain damages; and, upon proof by affidavit of the failure to attend, he may be apprehended under warrant and brought before the body before whom his attendance was required.
Section 856 provides as follows: “If the person subpoenaed and attending or brought as prescribed in the last section, before an officer or other person or. a body, refuses without reasonable cause to be examined, or to answer a legal and pertinent question, or to produce a book or paper, which he was directed to bring by the terms of the subpoena, or to subscribe his deposition after it has 'been correctly reduced to writing, the person issuing the subpoena, if he is a judge of a court of record, or not of record, may forthwith, or if he is not, then any judge of such court may" upon proof by affidavit of the facts by warrant commit the offender to jail, there to remain, until he submits to do the act which he was so required to do or is discharged according to law.”
The facts stated in the moving papers are not disputed by affidavit.
Among other things, they 'show the following: On or about the 21st day of July, 1911, a concurrent resolution was regularly passed and adopted by the Senate and Assembly of the State of Hew York, which resolution is as follows:
“ Whereas, it has been charged" and there is reason to believe that grave abuses exist in the various departments, of the County of Albany and of the City of Albany respectively; that said departments have been and are corrupt; that in said County of Albany and in said City of Albany the laws and municipal ordinances for the suppression of crime and for the securing of peace, security, order and morality are not strictly enforced by the departments to which the enforcement thereof is entrusted; that said laws and ordinances when enforced are"- enforced with partiality and favoritism; that money and political support are given or promised to public officials in "said County and said City by the keepers or proprietors of gaming houses, disorderly • houses, liquor saloons and other offenders against the law in exchange for immunity from punishment and other promises of favor; that said departments and offices of the County of *174Albany and the City of Albany have been and are conducted with the object of personal gain to officials in said departments and offices; that there have been misappropriations and dishonesty in said departments and offices.; that said departments and offices have for corrupt purposes exercised unfair methods and discriminations against the citizens of said County of Albany and said City of Albany; that said departments and offices have been and are conducted with extravagance and waste for the purpose of creating superfluous positions for political adherents; and that in all said departments of the County of Albany and City of Albany there are practices working contrary to public economy and efficiency; and "
“ Whereas, a strong public sentiment demands of this 'S'enate an investigation of all the matters above and into all departments and offices of the County of Albany and the City of Albany for the purpose of remedying and preventing, by proper legislation, such abuses and corrupt practices; now therefore be it
“Resolved, that the President of the Senate be and he hereby is authorized to appoint five Senators who shall be a special committee of this Senate with power to investigate all and singular the aforesaid matters and charges and all and singular the various óffices and departments connected with the County of Albany and the City of Albany respectively; that said committee have full power to prosecute its inquiries in any and every direction in its judgment necessary and proper to enable it to obtain and report the information required by this resolution; that said committee report to the Senate upon its investigation with such recommendations as in its judgment the public interests require; that.said committee be authorized to sit and hold its sessions in a place to be selected by it in the Capitol in the City of Albany; that the committee be authorized and empowered to subpoena and compel attendance of witnesses, including public officers and employees, and the production of books and papers, including public records and documents, to administer oaths, take proof and testimony, employ counsel and examiners, stenographers and other necessary assistance as in their judgment arc re*175quired; and have all the powers usual and incident to legislative committees, including the adoption of rules for the conduct of its proceedings, and be it further
“Resolved, that the said, committee- shall conclude its investigation in time to report to the Senate on or before the first Tuesday of January, 1912, so that proper legislation may he enacted to suppress said evils; and be it further
" Resolved, that it is the intention of this Senate that it is contrary to public policy and to the interest of good order and efficient investigation that any person giving evidence before said committee tending to show that he has been a party to the practices above mentioned, should be indicted or prose cuted upon the evidence so given, or upon the admission as made by him, and be it further
“.Resolved, that the actual and necessary expenses of the committee in carrying out the provisions of this resolution, not exceeding the sum of $25,000 to be paid from the moneys appropriated for the contingent expenses of the legislature°by the Treasurer on the warrant of the Comptroller and the certificate of the Chairman of the committee.”
In the course of the investigation entered upon by the committee; pursuant to said resolution, William Barnes, Jr.,_ who had been sworn as a witness before said committee, refused to answer certain questions propounded to him and which he was directed to answer by the committee, and failed to produce certain books of The Journal Company, after having been subpoenaed to produce the same.
An order was granted requiring the said witness to show cause why a warrant should not issue, under section 856 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Upon the return of the order, an adjournment was had at the request of counsel for the witness; and, upon the adjournment, the matter was submitted upon oral argument and written briefs of the respective counsel.
I have been most materially assisted by this argument, both oral and written, an-d by the exhaustive research of the very learned counsel engaged therein.
In view of the substantial aid which has been thus courteously extended by counsel, it is but fair that the various *176questions submitted should be carefully considered, and the reasons for arriving at the result hereinafter indicated stated somewhat at length.
It is earnestly contended on behalf of the witness that the section in question is unconstitutional, in that it is in violation of the provisions of the Federal and State Constitutions, protecting citizens from any threatened deprivation of liberty without due process of law. It is contended that, inasmuch as the section does not, in terms,. require notice, to be given prior to the issuance of the warrant, a citizen may be punished in this summary manner without having an opportunity to be heard or having a day in court, and it is further argued that such defect asserted to exist in the statute is not remedied in the case at bar for the reason that the witness here, as a matter of fact, has had actual notice.
It is quite clear that if, in order to constitute “ due process of law ” in this class of cases, notice prior to issuing the warrant must be given, and such notice is not required either expressly or impliedly by the statute itself or other provision of law applicable thereto, a defect exists which is not cured by any actual notice which may have been given in this particular case.
The principle was laid down by Judge Earl, in Stuart v. Palmer, 74 N. Y. 183, that “ The constitutional validity of law is to be tested, not by what has been done under it, but by what may, by its authority, be done.” P. 188.
Embarrassment arises at the outset' of the consideration of this question, for the reason that the Appellate Division in the first and second departments seem to be at variance in their decisions in regard thereto.
In Matter of Grout, 105 App. Div. 98, the Appellate Division of the second department, after considering in detail various questions propounded to a witness by the comptroller of the city of Few York', examining under a provision of the charter of that city, and holding that many of such questions were not pertinent or legal, advances to the broad proposition that the section is unconstitutional, because it does not provide that notice must be given to the witness of the application for the warrant of commitment before it is issued.
*177Several years before, the General Term in the first department had held to the contrary in Matter of McAdam, 7 N. Y. Supp. 454. Justice Van Brunt, delivering the opinion of the court, stated: “ What is ‘ due process of law ’ has not been clearly defined; but the practice of summary commitments has prevailed ever since the Bevised Statutes were adopted, and long before the adoption of the constitution to which reference has been made. Such a procedure in the ease of a witness has been recognized for a sufficient length of time to bring it within the category of ‘ due process of law.’ ”
The authority of this case was recognized by the Appellate Division in the same department in Press Publishing Co. v. Associated Press, 41 App. Div. 493.
The decision in Matter of McAdam is upon the broad ground that, in a proceeding to punish a contumacious witness, previous notice to such witness is not requisite under procedure well established at the time the Constitutions were adopted, and that “ due process of law” as, at that time understood, did' not, in such cases, contemplate that the trial or hearing at which the testimony of the witness was desired should be suspended, in order-that a collateral trial' or hearing might be had as to the right of the witness to refuse to answer.
It is urged in behalf of this decision that the proceeding was always summary and expeditious and necessarily so in order to prevent delay in the administration of justice, and that such practice, at that time thoroughly recognized, was, in the minds of the framers of the respective Constitutions,. “ due process of law ” in cases of contumacy.
. If otherwise doubt existed as to which department should be followed in this apparent conflict of decisions, a line of authorities in the Court of Appeals under a somewhat similar provision of statute requires an adherence to the principle laid down in the first department.
Section 756 of the Judiciary Law, which was formerly section 2268 of the Code of Civil Procedure, expressly provides for an issuance of a warrant without notice in certain cases of refusals to obey orders of the court, upon proof thereof by affidavit. This is another class of cases of con*178tumacy beyond the view of the court in which it is expressly provided that witnesses may be confined until compliance by warrant issued without notice and upon proof by affidavit.
The validity of this section has been recognized by the court of last resort, and has been adhered to by the subordinate tribunals without exception, so far as I have been able to find. Clark v. Bininger, 75 N. Y. 344, 350; People ex rel. Crouse v. Cowles, 3 Abb. Ct. App. Dec. 507.
The succeeding section (§ 757 of the Judiciary Law), formerly section 2269 of the Code of Civil Procedure, authorizes the court in its discretion to give notice to the alleged delinquent. Such provision, however, is open to the same criticism as is the section under consideration in the case at bar, in that it does not require notice to be given which, if the witness were entitled to it as a constitutional right as here urged, must be required and provided for by law and not rest within the discretion of the judge or court in order to preserve its constitutional validity.
It may, perhaps, be further interesting to notice that the section of the Revised Statutes to which the Code section was the successor, and which was in force when the Crouse case was decided, made no provision whatever as to whether or not notice should be given, and was substantially similar to the provision now contained in section 856.
The express provision authorizing the issuing of the warrant of commitment without notice was a modification contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, which, taken in connection with the following section, substantially provides for the same procedure as the provisions of the Revised Statutes which have been the law for many years.
But, furthermore, it would seem from a careful reading of section 856 that notice was required by necessary implication. The section is operative only in case the witness refuses " without reasonable cause ” to be examined, or to answer a legal and pertinent question, or to produce a book or paper.
How could a judge of a court of record pass upon the question as to whether or not' a witness had " reasonable cause ” unless the witness were 'given an opportunity to be *179heard and to state his reason ? Both his " cause " and his theory of the reasonableness thereof might be entirely lodged Avithin the recesses of his cwn mind and not be available, either to the person seeking to punish him for contumacy or to the judge Avho Avas asked to issue the Avarrant.
The fact that the warrant can properly be issued only where the witness is “ without reasonable cause" in his refusal seems, from the very nature of the case, to require that he be permitted to state his cause in order that the judge may judicially determine as to its reasonableness.
The same objection which is urged to this section is also applicable to section 4 of the Legislative Law, authorizing" the Legislature, itself to punish by imprisonment a neglect to attend or be examined as a witness before either house or a committee thereof.
This section does not, by its terms, provide for notice. It succeeded a substantially similar provision contained in "1 Revised 'Statutes, 154, section 13, the validity of which was upheld by the Court of Appeals in People ex rel. McDonald v. Keeler, 99 N. Y. 463.
A late decision has been made by Mr. Justice Putnam in Matter of Union Bank of Brooklyn (73 Misc. Rep. 404), upholding the.constitutionality of the preceding section (855), part of the system provided for by this title of the Code for compelling the attendance of witnesses.
The -constitutionality of this section was upheld by that learned justice, although it provides for no previous notice being given to the witness before he is brought by force before the court upon failure to answer a subpoena.'
It is urged that this decision is not applicable, because section 855 does not authorize, imprisonment but" merely the production of the witness.before the court. It is certainly a deprivation of the liberty of a citizen to take him against his will to a session of a committee or a hearing before an official, which is similar in kind, even if less in degree, to the confinement provided until he answers a proper question or produces a paper in a proper case.
Furthermore, the decision must, inferenti ally at least, uphold the constitutionality of section 8.56, because it would *180bo very idle, indeed, to bring a witness before a committee, if, when seated in the witness chair, he could with impunity wholly refuse to answer questions or to produce any paper required. See also Eagan v. Lynch, 3 Civ. Pro. 236, 238.
The proposition is somewhat startling that there is no power under the law to compel a witness to answer any question, or to produce any book or paper whatever, before a board, committee, commission, or official authorized by law. to make investigations or to take evidence. Such a construction would render powerless the Public 'Service Commission, the Superintendent of Banks, the Superintendent of Insurance, all other departments and officials authorized to make investigations, and all legislative investigating committees.
During the-many years which this statute has been upon the books, many important investigations have been conducted, many well advised witnesses have attended, .many eminent counsel have been observant of the rights of such witnesses, and, until the .deóision in Matter of Grout, the constitutionality -of the act seems to have been conceded, without' question.
A construction of the section which would require it to be held unconstitutional, thus depriving- all' public officials, boards, commissions and departments, and legislative committees of power to compel witnesses to give testimony or produce papers, should not be had. when a fair construction of the section, both with regard to its wording and its purpose, permits a construction which would uphold as constitutional this most necessary provision of law.
Being of the opinion, therefore, that the act is constitutional, inquiry must be made as to how far, if at all, the witness has rendered himself amenable to its provisions.
, It is alleged that he has failed to comply with the requirements of the statute in two particulars:
First. By failing to produce certain books of The Iournal Company.
Second. By refusing to answer certain questions.
Before he can be properly committed for either of these alleged offenses, it must appear that the action was “ without. reasonable cause.”
*181As to the failure to produce hooks of The Journal Company, before passing upon the question of his right in any event to withhold such hooks from the inspection of the committee, it- is necessary to pass upon the objection now raised by counsel that the subpoena duces tecum was not served five days prior to the hearing as required by section 867 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Under date of October 19, 1911, Mr. Barnes,-as president-of The Journal Company, had directed the ■ secretary and treasurer, Mr. Lindsay, by letter, to refuse to deliver the books of the company which'he had been subpoenaed to produce upon the ground as stated: “ The turning over of our books to the counsel of the committee will reveal nothing regarding the transactions of this company with the city and county of Albany, that is not a matter of public record, but it will expose all of our business which has no relation to public affairs. The committee must know that the ledgers of the company contain the names of all those who do business with it, the amount paid by them for advertising and-other business, and that if these books pass out of our possession the records might easily be copied and placed in the hands of our competitors. The mercantile business of the company is not a public affair and concerns only the stockholders of this company.”
At the hearing held October twenty-fifth, Mr. Barnes stated that the letter set forth, perfectly, his position in regard to the matter, and declined to produce the books; and a subpoena was issued which was served upon him on that date, returnable the next morning at half past ten o’clock.
On the return of the subpoena, being asked as to whether he would produce the books, he replied: “ I have instructed Mr. Lindsay not to produce them and, of course, I would also not produce them except on the order of the court.” And again, upon being directed to produce them, replied: “ I decline except by the order of the court, on the ground that the committee has no jurisdiction.”
The contention made by the witnéss was quite plain and was very broad, and he did not rest upon any technical ground of lack of sufficient notice. He, in fact, invited this *182proceeding which was afterward taken to judicially determine his duty and obligations in the matter.
Although his counsel has well urged and has sustained his argument by the citation of cases, that this • proceeding is siricti juris and all preliminary steps must be strictly pursued, yet, in this situation as in any other, a party may waive a provision as to length of notice or any other irregularity, and cannot thereafter urge such irregularity as a bar to the consideration of the matter upon its merits. People ex rel. McLaughlin v. Police Commissioners, 174 N. Y. 450, 456, and cases cited on latter page; Ryan v. City of New York, 177 id. 271, 279; Grady v. City of New York, 182 id. 18.
An implied waiver arises from an omission to object when the occasion gives proper opportunity. Matter of N. Y., W. S. & B. R. Co. v. Hart, 35 Hun, 575, and cases cited on page 579; Matter of McLean, 138 N. Y. 158; Brown v. Otis, 98 App. Div. 554, and cases cited on page 558; Matter of Baker, 173 N. Y. 249, 253.
The failure, therefore, to give five days’ notice cannot now properly be urged as a ground for the denial of the relief sought for,, as it was an irregularity which was°clearly waived by the position taken by the witness at the hearing.
This conclusion, therefore, makes it necessary to determine whether the witness was justified in refusing to produce the books called for by the subpoena upon the ground that they were the private books of The Journal Company, and being such their production could not be compelled upon this inquiry before this committee.
It is unnecessary to consider cases cited touching upon the right of an individual to refuse to produce his books and papers which disclose his private business.
The right to withhold documents of this kind has been asserted in cases where their production might incriminate the witness refusing to produce. Ho such privilege has been asserted here, either upon the hearing before the committee or in the argument had upon this application; and in fact it should be said, in fairness to the witness, that any purpose on his part to invoke this privilege was on the former occasion expressly disavowed.
*183As to whether, in any event, a citizen would have a right to withhold his own books and papers upon the theory that they affected his private business, when, by such production, it is not claimed that any incriminating evidence would be made available to prosecutors, it is not necessary in the light of authority to determine.
The consideration of such a question here would be purely academic, not being involved in the controversy. Suffice it to say, in passing, that much of the evidence required to be given upon trials and hearings is of a nature which affects the private business of the witness and may be to his disadvantage to disclose.
As to the books and papers of a corporation, however, the rule is very different. These artificial persons created by the State are, at all times, subject to its visitation and inquiry, and their books and papers subject to examination under proper order issued therefor.
It is unnecessary upon this branch of the discussion to do more than quote the language of Mr. Justice Hughes, in delivering the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Wilson v. United States, 221 U. S. 361, decided in April of the current year. After referring to the decision in Hale v. Henkel, 201 U. S. 43, and other decisions, that learned jurist proceeds as follows:
“ What then is the status of the books and papers of a corporation, which has not been created as a mere instrumentality of government, but has been formed pursuant to voluntary agreement and hence is called a private corporation? They are not public records in the sense that they relate to public transactions, or, in the absence of particular requirements, are open to general inspection or must be kept or filed in a special manner. They have reference to business transacted for the business of the group of individuals whose association has the advantage of corporate organization. But the corporate form of a business activity, with its chartered privileges, raises a distinction when the authority of government demands the examination of books. That demand, expressed in lawful process, confining its requirements within the limits which reason imposes in the *184circumstances of - the case,- the corporation has no privilege-to- refuse. It cannot resist production upon the ground of self-crimination. Although • the object of the inquiry, may be to- detect the abuses it has committed, to discover its violations of law and to inflict punishment by forfeiture of franchises or otherwise, it must submit its books and papers tv duly constituted authority when demand is suitably made. This is involved in the reservation of the visitorial power of the State, and in the authority of the ¡National Government where the corporate activities are in the domain subject to the powers of Congress.
“ This view, and the reasons which support it, have so recently been stated by this court in the case of Hale v. Henkel, supra, that it is unnecessary to do more than to refer to what was there said. (pp. 74, 75)
- “ Conceding that the witness was an officer of the corporation under investigation, and that he was entitled "to assert the rights of the corporation with respect to the production of its books and papers, we are of. the opinion that there is a clear distinction in this particular between an individual and a corporation, and that the latter has no right to refuse to submit its books and-papers for an- examination at the suit of the State. The individual may stand upon his constitutional rights as a citizen. He is entitled to carry on his private business in his own way. His power to contract is limited. He owes no duty to the State or to his neighbors to divulge his business or to open his doors to an investigation, so far as it may tend to criminate him. He owes no such duty to the State, since'he received nothing therefrom,' beyond the protection of his life and property. His rights are such as existed by the law of the land long antecedent to the organization of the State, and can only be taken from him by due process of law, and in accordance with the Constitution. Among his rights are a refusal to incriminate himself, and the immunity of himself and his property from arrest or seizure except under a warrant of the law. He owes nothing to the public so long as he does not trespass upon their rights.
“ Upon the other hand, the corporation is a creature of *185the state. It is presumed to be incorporated for the benefit of the public. It receives certain special privileges and franchises, and holds them subject to the laws of the State and the limitations of its charter. Its powers are limited by law. It can make no contract not authorized by its charter. Its right to act as a corporation is only preserved to it so long as it obeys the laws of its creation. There is.a reserved, right in the legislature to investigate its contracts and find out v^hether it has exceeded its powers. It'would be a strange anomaly to hold that a state, having chartered a corporation to make use of certain franchises, could not in the exercise of its sovereignty inquire how these franchises had been employed, and whether they had been abused, and demand the production of the corporate books and papers for that purpose. The defense .amounts to this: that an officer of a corporation, which is charged with a criminal violation of the statute, may plead the criminality of such corporation as a refusal to- produce its books. To state this proposition is to answer it. While an individual may lawfully refuse to answer incriminating questions unless protected by an immunity statute, it does not follow that a corporation, vested with special privileges and franchises, may refuse to show its hand when charged with an abuse of such privileges.
“ * • * Being subject to this dual sovereignty, the general government possesses the same right to see that its own laws are respected as the" State would have with respect to the special franchises vested in it by the laws of the State. The powers of the general government in this particular in the vindication of its own laws are the same as if the corporation had been created by an act of Congress. It is not intended to intimate, however, that it' has a general visitorial power over state corporations. See also Consolidated Rendering Co. v. Vermont, 207 U. S. 541; Hammond Packing Co. v. State of Arkansas, 212 U. S. 322, pp. 348, 349.
“ The appellant held the corporate books subject to the corporate duty. If the corporation were guilty of misconduct, he could not withhold its books to save it; and if he were implicated in the violations of law, he could not withhold the books to protect himself from the effect of their *186disclosures. The reserved power of visitation would seriously be embarrassed, if not wholly defeated in its effective exercise, if guilty officers could refuse inspection of the records and papers of the corporation. No personal privilege to which they are entitled requires such a conclusion. It would not be a recognition, but an unjustifiable extension, of the personal rights they enjoy. They may decline to utter upon the witness stand a single self-criminating word. They may demand that any accusation against them individually be established without the aid of their oral testimony or the compulsory production by them of their private papers. But the visitorial power which exists with respect to the corporation of necessity reaches the corporate books without regard to the conduct of the custodian.
“ Nor is it an answer to say that in the present case the inquiry before the grand jury was not directed against the corporation itself. The appellant had no greater right to withhold the books by reason of the fact that the corporation was not charged with criminal abuses. That, if the corporation had been so charged, he would have been compelled to submit the books to inspection, despite the consequences to himself, sufficiently shows the absence of any basis for a claim on his part of personal privilege as to them; it could not depend upon the question whether or not another was accused. .The only question was whether as against the corporation the books were lawfully required in the administration of justice. When the appellant became Bresident of the corporation and as such held and used its books for the transaction of its business committed to his charge, he was at all times subject to its direction, and the books continuously remained under its control. If another took his place his custody would yield. He could assert no personal right to retain the corporate books against any demand of government which the corporation was bound to recognize.” Pp. 352, 353, 354, 355.
The language of the learned justice, ripe in his experience in the rules of jurisprudence maintained in our own State, speaking for that high court, so entirely 'covers this question that it would be presumptuous, indeed, to attempt in any respect to add thereto.
*187The power of the Legislature, "or a committee of either of its houses acting under its authority, to compel the production of" the hooks and papers of a corporation cannot, since this decision, be seriously questioned.
It is, however, urged by the counsel for the witness that section 854. must, in this connection, ‘be read with section 856, and that the former section which limits' the right to compel the production by a witness of a book or paper to “ a proper case ” is here applicable.
This contention I believe to be entirely correct. Matter of Foster, 139 App. Div. 769; Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U. S. 168; Harriman v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 211 id. 406.
A determination of the question as to whether this is “ a proper case ” involves the consideration, necessarily, of the purposes and powers of the committee and the relation which The J ournal Company bore to its proper plan and scope and as to how far, if at all, an examination of the books of such company would be of value in the exercise of its powers and the pursuit of its purposes.
The resolution creating the committee was very broad. It authorizes an extensive examination into the various departments of the county and city of Albany, for the purpose of making such recommendations to the Senate “ as in its judgment the public interests require.”
It was developed upon the hearing that The Journal Company issued a newspaper in the city of Albany, known as the Albany Evening J ournal. The Argus Company had been awarded a contract, after apparent competitive bidding, to print the proceedings of the common council of. the city of Albany; and, as part of these proceedings, they printed reports of the various city offices and departments. These reports were kept in type, and from time to time various city officials ordered from The Journal Company, which had not printed the proceedings, copies of these reports. The Argus Company furnished them to The Journal Company and The Journal Company received twenty-five percent of the cost price, without doing any portion of the printing or publication, or performing any service whatever except *188turning over the order. The reports were, in fact, printed from the type which had been set up at the time of their publication as a portion of the common council proceedings. The charter of the city of Albany requires that all material furnished in excess of $250 should be awarded by contract to the lowest bidder. When supplies were ordered in excess of this sum,- the order was divided so as to render, upon the face of things, at least, competitive bidding unnecessary.
In addition to this, certain blank books, maps, and other supplies were ordered from The Journal Company. That company itself had not the facilities, either to print the reports of the city offices, or to compile the blank books or to print the maps; but, for some-reason, these things were ordered of this corporation which it immediately reordered from the Argus Company and obtained twenty-five per cent of the prices paid.
In addition to this, it appears that from this very contract for the printing of the minutes of the common council, which presumably was awarded to the lowest bidder after fair competitive bidding, the Argus Company paid directly to The Journal Company fifteen per cent, of the amount received from the city.
It thus appears that The Journal Company was obtaining a percentage upon supplies furnished to the city which it could -not itself produce, and was receiving such percentage even upon supplies that were furnished under the forms of law in regard to competitive bidding, which had, upon the face of things, been complied with, but which one of the witnesses characterized, and perhaps properly so, as a “ joke.”
Disbursements for public printing, raised by taxation, so liberal as to permit a corporation to withhold twenty-five.per' cent of the entire price, without performing any work or rendering any service whatever, and still leave -a profit to the actual printer, are not only a proper subject-of inquiry in an investigation of this nature, but such inquiry would seem to be imperatively demanded. This is something -more than “ private business.” By many, at least, it would be considered a matter of grave public concern.
A subpoena, substantially similar to the one which had *189previously been served upon Mr. Lindsay, the secretary and treasurer of The Journal Company, requesting him to produce the books of the company, was served upon Mr. Barnes, the president of the company. It required the production of “ all ledgers and books of original entry from which the items are posted into the ledger, showing the business of The Journal Company with the various departments of the City and County of Albany, and with persons and corporations transacting business with said City and County for the past ten years.”
It would seem to be at least proper, when the facts had developed the'existence of-the practice indicated, to pursue still further the inquiry, in order to ascertain as to how far this percentage had been levied by The Journal Company upon supplies furnished to the city or county, which it, itself, did not produce. The offer of the company to submit a statement from its books showing the dealings with the city, and county could not cover the case. In instances similar to that of the Argus Company, where fifteen per cent, of the price received for printing the' minutes of .the common council was paid direct- to The Journal Company by the Argus Company, no entry would appear upon any account with any city or county official or department.
In such instances, it would be most advantageous not only to have available the books so far as they affected transactions with the city and county officials themselves, but also so far as they affected transactions with other persons who were selling supplies to the- city who may, or may not, have paid to The Journal Company a percentage such as was paid by the Argus Company. Hot only might this system extend to the cases of those who furnished supplies, but it might extend still further to cases of those who became indebted to the city.
The same favor which The Argus Company invoked and for which it paid so liberally may have been appreciated by others engaged in similar pursuits.
It may have been sought by those anxious hot only to obtain high prices for goods furnished, but also by others anxious to settle for low prices their obligations to the city.
*190It was, therefore, most clearly a proper ca.se for examination of the hooks of this corporation, so far as they showed, transactions with persons and corporations transacting business with the, city and county of Albany. It clearly appears that the company was engaged in a line'of business directly within the purview of the powers of the committee, and, inasmuch as the books of the corporation were subject to inspection under the decision in the Wilson case, and this was a proper case for the production of such books before the committee, the subpoena was properly issued and the books should have been produced.
Whereas, it is true that an investigation into the details of the transactions might disclose violations of existing law, thus imposing a duty upon the officials of the county of enforcing the provisions of such existing law, the circumstances disclosed might also have indicated to the committee, and it • might, after an investigation which fully disclosed the methods pursued, have recommended to the Legislature, pursuant to the resolution creating the committee, a line of proposed legislation creating new provisions applicable to the situation, or making existing provisions more drastic or more readily enforceable.
A warrant is here also applied for because of the refusal of the witness to answer certain questions which were put to him. Many questions were asked during the course of his examination which the witness refused to answer.
A warrant for his commitment is applied for to imprison him until he answers twenty-three of these questions selected out of a much larger number. These questions he should only.be compelled to answer if, in the definition of the section, they are “ legal and pertinent,” and if, also, his refusal to answer was “ without reasonable cause.”
The first two of these questions were as follows:
“ Q. Well, how. many shares of stock do you own in it? ” (Referring to The Albany Journal Company.) ■
“ Q. How many shares of stock did you own in it ? ” (Referring to The Albany Journal Company.) ■
The witness, in the course of the controversy which arose in relation to these questions, stated that he owned a majority of the stock of The Journal Company.
*191It is difficult to see why it was necessary to pursue the inquiry further. The theory of counsel for the committee was that, inasmuch as the witness was the “ leader ” of his party in the county and city, and the representative upon the State committee of the congressional district in which the county was situated, he, therefore, in a, measure, controlled, or at least influenced, the action of the county and city officials who were members of his party and elected upon its ticket, and that the details of his business relations with this company should be thoroughly gone into in order that appropriate and sufficient legislation might be recommended to govern cases of this character where a corporation, controlled by a dominant political leader, was obtaining money from the public treasury for services not rendered by it.
The full purpose of the investigation along this line, so far as Mr. Barnes is concerned, was fully met when it appeared from the evidence that he owned a majority of the stock of this company. Under authorities which have been previously referred to, when the investigation touches upon the rights of a private citizen, the rule is very different from the one permitting a full and complete investigation of the affairs of a corporation.
The only conceivable aspect in which the exact stock ownership of Mr. Barnes could be material was upon the theory that, having located the exact number of shares owned by him, the committee could then proceed to locate the ownership of the remaining shares, in order to be advised as to ■who else had benefited by the transactions with the city which have been referred to; but the best evidence along this line would have been the stock book of the company, the production of which could have been compelled by subpoena; and, until that procedure had been attempted and found futile, the inquiries were not proper and the witness should not be compelled to answer. .
The next three questions are as follows:
“ Q. I will ask you this question: During the ordinary business days of the year, do you direct the editorial policy of The Albany Journal ? ”
“ Q." I ask you, do you control the business methods of The Journal? ”
*192“ Q. As the majority owner of the stock of The Journal Company, do you control the, business methods of that corporation ? ”
The witness had stated that he was responsible for the editorial policy of the paper! As owner of a majority of the stock of the corporation publishing the paper he necessarily, in one sense, controlled its policy. This being the legal result of his stock ownership and he assuming the responsibility for what had appeared in the paper, I think these questions were neither legal nor pertinent to the inquiry.
The next question submitted for consideration is:
“ Q. Do you know any reason why The Journal Company should get this 15 per cent, we have been referring to % ” (Referring to the fifteen per cent, paid by the Argus Company for materials furnished after contract had been awarded upon competitive bidding- which has been previously considered.)
As stated by the chairman of the committee, the witness had repeatedly stated that he knew nothing about this fifteen per cent, and any inquiry which required him to state a reason for a condition as to which he had no knowledge is not legal nor pertinent.
The next four questions are as follows:
“ Q. Do you know any reason why the books of The Journal should not be presented before this committee ?
“ Q. Have you .instructed the business manager of The Journal to refuse to let these books be seen before this committee ?
“ Q. Dave you any reason or objection to this committee inspecting your books in order to determine whether any other contractor who does business with the City pays a percentage to The Journal?
“ Q. Mr. Barnes, will you kindly instruct the members of your corporation to produce the books here, please, to be inspected by the committee ? ”
These touched upon the willingness of the witness to voluntarily produce before the committee the books of The Journal Company. The proper method of securing the production of the books was. 'by subpoena, which was afterward issued. *193These questions are not pertinent and proper, and the witness cannot be compelled to answer' them.
The next question submitted is:
“ Q. Do you- know whether or not Mr. Anthony Brady is the third largest stockholder of The Albany Journal?”
As to this question, the stock book of the company is, primarily, the 'best evidence; and this inquiry should not be pursued until it is developed that the process of law available for the production of such stock book is shown to be insufficient to elicit the information required.
The next question is:
“ Q. In view of the fact that the Lyon Company has received from the County this amount of printing without any-bid being put in, are you not willing to tell us how much you paid for your stock in the Lyon Company ? ”
This question was answered by the witness when he stated that he was not willing to do so.
Up to this point there was no mistake made by the witness in refusing to answer the questions. There is no sufficient theory upon which it can be. found that they were legal and pertinent. It can very properly be urged that an investigation of this nature must be pursued along indirect lines and that the purposes of the examiner cannot be disclosed without in many cases .thwarting the object of the examination and putting the witness-bn his guard; but, before the witness, can be punished for refusal to answer, it would seem to be a necessary. rule that, before the warrant should issue, the judge to whom the application is made .must be able to thoroughly satisfy himself that the inquiry may lead to some result within the scope of the powers of the committee. In that view the questions considered were not within the limitations of the section, and the witness should not be compelled to answer such inquiries put to him.
The next question opens up another line of inquiry:
“ Q. Mr. Barnes, you got your stock in 1901, is not that true?” (The inquiry referring to the stock of the Lyon Company.)
As the stock book of the company may not show when he actually acquired ownership, but only when he had it trans*194ferred upon the books of the company; it was proper to inquire of. him the date of the acquisition, if it had any pertinency in the investigation. This is one of a' series of inquiries relative t-0 the Lyon Company which should be considered with others along the same line, although not presented consecutively.
The other questions were:
“ Q. Did you pay anything for your stock in the Lyon Company ?
“ Q. Did you talk with Hr. Lyon about the consideration that you paid for your stock at the time that you- saw him ?
“ Q. Did you pay for it ?
“ Q. Did you pay anything for it? ” (A repetition of the second question of this class.)
“ Q. Was it given to you ? ”
It appears from the papers that Hr. Barnes was the owner of 750 shares of the stock of the J. B. Lyon Company out of a total capitalization of 3,000 shares. This company had furnished the county of Albany printing during the past ten years to the amount of, approximately, $100,000 without public bidding.
The political party with which Hr. Barnes was affiliated was the dominant political party of the county during this time, and of this party Hr. Barnes stated that he was a “ leader,” defining the term to mean “ a* man whose advice is taken quite largely, pretty largely, by the men of the political party with whom he is associated.”
He was also, during that time, a member of the State committee of his party representing the congressional district of which the county was a part-.
The line of inquiry attempted to be opened up in these questions was very apparent.
Investigation was being had as to whether a person in this position had acquired a substantial stock-holding interest in a company which furnished printing to a large amount to the political subdivision in which he was a figure of power, without any adequate compensation therefor; and whether this species of patronage had „been given out to a company in return for an ownership or interest given to the political leader *195as a portion, at least, of the consideration to be paid for the acquisition of the stock by him.
Here the committee was directly within its powers and in the discharge of its duty. If a citizen has the political power to control the distribution of the people’s money and thus so controlled it to his own advantage, it is a matter which might be very well recommended by this committee to the Senate as a matter worthy of consideration, so that, if possible, legislation may be enacted to prevent a practice which will, at least, have a tendency to corruption, even though the dominant figure actually holds no office himself, but merely controls others who have it in their .power to award to his companies, without bidding, lucrative public contracts and business.
It is a well-known fact, of which judicial notice may very properly be taken, that, under latter-day methods of political organization, the actual rulers of many political subdivisions are not those who are nominally holding office, but those whose control over the political organization to which the actual officers belong made their election or appointment, possible.
In many localities officers hold their position by power of so-called leaders. These officers in turn have" to do with the disposition of the public patronage, the awarding of the public business, the purchasing of the public supplies, and the disposition of the public property.
If, with impunity, a dominant factor, can so exercise his power as to obtain substantial pecuniary benefit from the public business by urging the officers over whom he has influence through his power of selection to award that public business to corporations in which he has an interest, and, especially, when that business is so lucrative that a very substantial portion of the profits can be surrendered without adequate consideration to a political leader in order to secure the profits which accrue from the remainder, it is certainly a matter which not only permits but demands investigation in order that, if possible, it may be corrected.
The witness in question held office in a political party as defined by the Election Law. This party through its officers *196had public duties to perform and certain public privileges to exercise in the selection of officials. He was in a sense a quasi public officer.
It may very properly be urged that the powers enjoyed by such a one should not be exerted to his own pecuniary advantage to the detriment of the taxpaying public.
From the foregoing it is not to be understood to be determined here that any of these conditions has as yet been actually and satisfactorily proven upon this investigation; but the line of inquiry had been opened, and it pointed" to a condition which was properly within the line of investigation, and the committee should not be thwarted in its very plain duty by the refusal of any person to answer questions involving a corporation which had been paid a "very substantial sum of public money, by’ the mere assertion that it was his “ private business.”
These questions were both legal and pertinent; and, inasmuch as the witness has not yet put himself upon his privilege of refusing to answer upon the ground that by answering he may be furnishing evidence in aid of a criminal proceeding against himself, and does not .urge that as a reason for refusing, his declination to answer is without reasonable cause.
Coupled with these inquires were two others as follows:
“ Q. Were you the owner of the Albany Morning Express at or about the time it was combined with the Knickerbocker Express ? ”
“ Q. The Knickerbocker Press ? ”
It is urged that these questions have some pertinency in connection with the acquisition of the stock of the. Lyon Company, because it is charged that, at about the time Mr. Barnes acquired his stockholding interest in the Lyon Company, the owner of the Knickerbocker Express had a contract for State printing which was immediately assigned to the Lyon Company. The pertinency of these questions is not sufficiently clear to authorize the issuance of a warrant of commitment for failure to respond to the inquiries. . If they touch" upon the question of ownership of stock in the Lyon Company, the facts could very- probably be developed in answer to the inquiries last above considered; and, if in pur*197suing that line of inquiry the materiality of these questions should become more evident, it might then be permissible to pursue the inquiry along this line.
The next question so called is as follows:
“ Q. Mr. Barnes, the committee directs you to produce the' books? ”
This is not a question but a direction of the committee. It -had not the power to direct him to produce the books except by issuance of subpoena.
The remaining questions are as follows:
“ Q. .You knew,- did you not, that, as the political leader of this county, it would be to the manifest advantage of each political officer to be in your favor, did you not ? ”
. “ Q. And you know that, being desirous of obtaining your kindly feeling, it would be a temptation oh the part of these officers to bring the printing to The Albany Journal, did you not ? ”
The witness could not have known these things. They are merely matters of opinion with him as they necessarily must be with the committee. He should not be compelled to answer.
■ As a summary of the conclusions in regard to the detail of the questions which the witness declined to answer, which are complained of here, the following result is arrived at:
These five questions only were pertinent and should have been answered.
First. “ Mr. Barnes, you got your stock (referring to the stock of the Lyon Company) in 1901, is not that true ? ”
Second. “ Did you pay anything for your stock in the Lyon Company ? ”
Third. “ Did you talle to Mr. Lyon about the consideration that you paid for your stock at the time that you saw him ? ”
Fourth. “ Did you pay anything' for it? ”
Fifth. “ Was it given to you ? ”
There is some confusion in the practice as to the necessity of issuing any order in a case of this kind; the better practice would seem to be that an order should issue.
: • An order will be granted directing that a warrant be issued to the sheriff of Albany county commanding him to ap*198prehend Mr. Barnes and commit him to the jail of Albany county until he shall answer the five questions hereinbefore stated, and until he shall have produced before the legislative committee the hooks required by the subpeena, or until he is discharged according to law.
Inasmuch, however, as upon the hearing the position of the witness was a difficult one, and he was not entitled to be. represented and was not represented by counsel, except in so far as he may have been previously advised in a general way as to his rights, and in view of the fact that he expressly stated that he desired the pertinency of the debatable questions and his duty as to the production of the books of The Journal Company judicially determined, such warrant should not issue until he has an opportunity to perform the acts indicated or to take such other course as he may be advised.
I think eight days should be- sufficient for that purpose, • and the warrant will not issue until the expiration of that length of time from the service of a copy of the order upon the witness.
Ordered accordingly.