Application by the city of New York, under section 22 of the Railroad Law, for the appointment of three commissioners to determine the amount *96of compensation, if any, to be awarded the defendant as a condition of constructing a cross-over on .the defendant’s railroad tracks, and to determine the line or lines, grade or grades, points or manner of such connection, as provided in said statute. The city owns the Williamsburg bridge and owns the railroad tracks constructed upon it. The Williamsburg bridge was opened in 1904, and since that time surface railroad companies of both Brooklyn and Manhattan have operated the local and through service over the city’s railroad tracks on said bridge. The fare on the local Hues operated over the said bridge is at present three tickets for five cents and upon the cars operating a through service from points in Brooklyn to Manhattan or vice versa no extra fare is collected from passengers. Originally there were contracts entered into between the city and the operating railroad companies which have since been terminated, and the railroad companies now operating over said bridge are doing so as licensees only, subject to being ejected by the city without notice at any time, and, on the other hand, the railroads are free to abandon the bridge service at any time, they having no franchise on the bridge and being subject to no contractual liability to operate over the bridge. On April 27,1920, the board of aldermen adopted an ordinance, • which was duly approved by the mayor of the city of New York on May 3,1920, which in effect said that after the termination of any existing right no permit should be granted to or any contract entered into with any person or corporation allowing such person to operate cars on the tracks owned by the city of New York over the Williamsburg bridge and the approaches, on the route known as the bridge local service and at that time operated by the Bridge Operating Company. ■ It was further declared in said ordinance that immediately after the *97termination of then existing permits all the said transportation service over the said bridge local route should be operated directly by the city of New York and the department of plant and structures was designated as the agency for the city in the operation of such service. It was further declared as the policy of the city authorities that the fare to be charged for passage on the cars so to be operated by the city should ‘1 in no case be fixed at a sum greater than the amount necessary to cover the cost of operation of such service, plus the necessary reserve for sinking funds and depreciation.” By subsequent ordinances the commissioner of plant and structures was authorized, after provision for funds had been made, to enter into contracts for the construction of a barn and for the laying of rails from the Brooklyn plaza of the Williamsburg bridge to the barn, and for the purchase of cars, and also agreements for supplying the electrical current; all in connection with the operation of the local line on the Williamsburg bridge, with a limitation that the amount involved should not exceed $300,000. Thereafter the comptroller of the city of New York was authorized to issue corporate stock in amount not exceeding $300,000, to be applied for the purchase of trolley cars, extra parts, constructing new car barn, and other necessary equipment for the purpose of operating a local trolley line on the Williams-burg bridge. Subsequently the board of estimate amended a preceding resolution on September 24,1920, and in this resolution declared that the proposed improvement was determined to have substantial present or prospective earning power. The moving papers show'that the city purchased1 cars and that it is now constructing a car bam under the structure of the Williamsburg bridge between Bedford avenue and Berry street, and that it is constructing a single track *98along the side of the said bridge for the purpose of connecting the city owned track on the bridge with the city barn now in construction. To do this it will be necessary, it is alleged, to lay the city’s tracks across the tracks of the defendant company, located on Driggs avenue and Bedford avenue, and which streets pass under the existing structure of the Williamsburg bridge. It is further alleged that the parties cannot agree upon the amount of compensation to be paid for the crossing or upon the line or lines, grade or grades, points or manner of such crossings or intersections. On the part of the defendant it is alleged (1) that neither the city nor the commissioner of plant and structures has any franchise or power or authority to operate a railroad over the Williamsburg bridge; (2) that the city has not, nor has Mr. Whalen, commissioner of plant and structures, obtained a certificate of convenience and necessity, required by section 9 of the Bailroad Law, or the permission and approval required by section 53 of the Public Service Commissions Law, and, finally, it is contended by the defendant that any legislative delegation of power to the city to operate a railroad wonld 'be and is unconstitutional because of the prohibition contained in the state Constitution in article VIII, section 10. Taking up these positions in their order, we first discuss the power of the city to operate a railroad on the Williamsburg bridge. The construction of the Williamsburg bridge was authorized by an act of the legislature which became a law on May 27, 1895. This act provided for the appointment of three commissioners by the mayor of the then city of New York and three commissioners by the mayor of the then city of Brooklyn, which six commissioners with the respective mayors of both cities constituted a commission for the purpose of' constructing the Williamsburg bridge. These commissioners *99were authorized to prepare a plan for the bridge, were given powers to take over property by eminent domain, and the right to acquire the land under water also. The act also prescribed that if any corporation should possess a valid charter with authority to construct a bridge such as was contemplated by the provisions of this act, that the commissioners, with the express consent of the mayors and comptrollers of the respective cities, might purchase said charter at a price to be mutually agreed upon, and thereby to take or extinguish any existing right of such corporation to operate any railroad across said bridge. But nothing in this act contained shall prevent said commissioners, in their discretion, from contracting with any corporation to operate a railroad across said bridge if said commissioners shall determine it to be in the public interest. Section 7 of said act then prescribed as follows: “ When the said bridge shall be completed the said commissioners shall make their final report. * * * and they shall file all their records and papers in the office of the trustees of the New York and Brooklyn bridge (the old Brooklyn bridge). The said bridge shall thereupon be and become a public highway for the purpose of rendering travel between the cities of New York and Brooklyn safe and certain at all times, and the care, management and control thereof shall be vested in the trustees of the Neto York and Brooklyn bridge, * * * 'who shall possess in relation thereto like powers as are vested in them in relation to the said New York and Brooklyn bridge.” It will also be observed that these powers were not to be exercised by the trustees of the Brooklyn bridge until the completion of the Williamsburg bridge. Subsequently, in 1896, section 7, above quoted, was amended by chapter 612 of the Laws of 1896, and the main change is found in the following words: “ The said *100bridge shall thereupon be and become a public highway for the purpose of rendering travel between the cities of New York and Brooklyn safe and certain at all times, and the care, management and control thereof shall be vested in the said commissioners and their successors, who shall possess in relation thereto like powers as are at the time of the passage of this act vested in the trustees of the New York and Brooklyn bridge in relation to the said New York and Brooklyn bridge, umless the legislature shall otherwise provide therefor.” Early in the year 1896 a taypayer’s action was commenced by William Cordon against the then mayor of the city of New York and others to annul a certain contract whereby the commissioners of the Williamsburg bridge agreed to purchase a franchise possessed by the East River Bridge Company. In the course of the opinion in this case the Appellate Division of this department (3 App. Div. 395) held that a clause in the contract did not purport to grant the use of the tracks on the bridge to any corporation; that it related to the plan and construction of the bridge solely and had no relation to the operation or use of the railroad tracks after the bridge was completed. And it was further held that section 5 of chapter 789 of the Laws of 1895 grants to the commissioners the power to contract with any corporation to operate a railroad across said bridge, and that such power, if exercised at all, must be exercised during the period of construction, because, under section 7 of the act just quoted, upon the completion of the bridge the management and control became vested in the trustees of the old Brooklyn bridge. The legal effect then of this amendatory act of chapter 612, Laws of 1896, was to vest in the Williamsburg bridge commissioners powers not only during the construction of the bridge, but also powers *101continuing upon the completion of the bridge, and gave to the said Williamsburg bridge commissioners, after completion of the bridge, the same powers as were exercised by the trustees of the old Brooklyn bridge over the said old Brooklyn bridge, and that the powers so delegated were the powers exercised by the Brooklyn bridge trustees over the Brooklyn bridge itself as of the date of the passage of the act, namely, May 13, 1896. A pertinent inquiry at this time therefore is, what powers did the trustees of the old Brooklyn bridge on May 13, 1896, exercise over the old Brooklyn bridge? The answer to this query is found in chapter 300 of the Laws of 1875, section 7: “ The said trustees shall have power to fix the rates of toll for persons, vehicles and animals of every kind and description passing over the said bridge; and may operate and authorise to be operated, a railroad or railroads over said bridge, and fix the fare to be paid by any passenger on any railroad operated by them.” The powers thus devolved on the trustees of the Brooklyn bridge were continued by the Consolidation Act (Laws of 1882, chap. 410, § 1980). The original charter of the city of New York, passed in 1897, being Laws of 1897, chapter 378, section 595, provides in substance as follows: The commissioner of bridges shall have cognizance and control of the management and maintenance of the New York and Brooklyn bridge, of the operation of the railroad on the New York and Brooklyn bridge, and of the construction, repair, maintenance and management of all other bridges except “ The East River Bridge ” (that is, the Williamsburg bridge). And the reason for this exception was that the Williamsburg bridge commission was still in existence and the Williams-burg bridge was still in the course of construction. The charter was amended in 1901, and by section 595 *102the commissioner of bridges still had the management and maintenance of the New York and Brooklyn bridge and had control “ of the operation of the railroad on the New York and Brooklyn bridge.” And in subdivision 5 “ the bridge commissioner was given, in general terms, the management of all other bridges.” This is followed by an express statement that the Williamsburg bridge commission “ is hereby abolished, and all its powers and duties are hereby devolved upon the Commissioner of Bridges of the City of New York.” From the foregoing it seems reasonably clear that the Williamsburg bridge commission had the power to operate and authorize to be operated a railroad over the Williamsburg bridge, and that this power has been duly transferred to the commissioner of bridges of the city of New York, and by chapter 528 of the Laws of 1916 to the commis-. sioner of plant and structures. The act of the legislature, cited by the defendants, namely, chapter 663 of the Laws of 1897, regulating the carriage of passengers across the New York and Brooklyn bridge, has not been overlooked. That, in effect, stated that the trustees of the Brooklyn bridge might continue to maintain and “ to operate the present railroad on said bridge.” This act does not limit the power already delegated the Williamsburg bridge commission, which in turn is devolved upon the present commissioner of plant and structures of the city of New York. It is therefore concluded that the city of New York, through its commissioner of plant and structures, has an existing right to operate a railroad on the Williamsburg bridge. While this express question has not been before the court, the analogous question as to whether the bridge commissioner could make a contract for the operation of street surface cars over the Williamsburg bridge has been decided. In the *103case of Schinzel v. Best, 45 Misc. Rep. 455, it was held that such a contract was a valid one, and that the bridge commissioner had full power to make such contract. And while any expressions in the opinion as to the powers to operate a railroad are dicta merely and not binding upon the court, still they are persuasivé in their argument and were adopted by the Appellate Division in confirming the judgment on the opinion of Judge Maddox at Special Term (109 App. Div. 917). As to the case of Dilluvio v. City of New York, 73 Misc. Rep. 122, that action involved the power of the city to operate a railroad over the Queensboro bridge, and the decision in that case was undoubtedly correct, holding that the city had no such power. But there is no such devolution of powers found in the statutes with reference to the Queens,boro bridge as have been cited in support of such power in relation to the Williamsburg bridge. There is, therefore, the resulting anomaly that the city has the power to operate a railroad on the Brooklyn bridge and upon the Williamsburg bridge, but no power to operate a railroad on the Queensboro bridge. The next question presented is “ Must the city, with the power to operate a railroad, first obtain a certificate of convenience and necessity, as required by section 9 of the Railroad Law, or the permission and approval required by section,53 of the Public Service Commissions Law? ” There can be no doubt that if the city of New York embarks in the railroad business that it must do so subject to the limitations of the legislature as found in the Railroad Law. The city becomes a common carrier and has no greater rights, nor can it escape any liability of a common carrier. It has been held that the grant of a street railroad franchise carries with it by implication the right to maintain sidings and switches and that a *104spur necessary to enable a railroad to connect with a storehouse for its cars without which the line could not be operated at all was also a right incident to the grant. See Brooklyn Heights R. R. Co. v. City of Brooklyn, 152 N. Y. 244; Brooklyn Heights R. R. Co. v. Steers, 213 id. 76, 81. It, therefore, follows that the legislature having conferred the right' to operate a railroad over the Williamsburg bridge to the city of New York, there being no place on the bridge for the storage of cars, that as a necessary implication to this grant the city may erect a barn underneath the structure of the bridge and by necessary trackage connect the existing bridge tracks with the barn. If in the course of making this connection it is necessary to cross over the tracks of the defendant the law allows such crossing over. In the case of Village of Ft. Edward v. Hudson Valley R. R. Co., 192 N. Y. 139, it was held that a certificate under section 53 of the Public Service Commissions Law is not necessary where a railroad is constructing a crossing under section 22 of the Railroad Law. It is concluded, therefore, that no such certificate is necessary in this case and that the public service commission has correctly passed upon the proposition in the instant case when application was made to it. There remains, then, solely the question as to whether the legislature has the power to grant to a municipal corporation the right to operate a railroad. Such a grant, it is claimed, is in violation of article VIII, section 10, of the state Constitution, which, among other things, provides: “ Nor shall any city be allowed to incur any indebtedness except for city purposes.” This question was considered by the Court of Appeals in the ease of Sun Printing & Publishing Co. v. City of New York, 152 N. Y. 257. There in substance it was held that a subway was a subterra*105nean highway. If a subway is a subterranean highway it seems equally clear that a bridge is an aerial highway. Moreover, there is an express legislative declaration that the Williamsburg bridge is a public highway. With the proposed policy of the commissioner of plant and structures and the city authorities in operating this railroad the court has nothing to do. It seems fairly apparent at this time that the immediate result of operating the railroad over the Williamsburg bridge by the' city of New York will be •to cause the discontinuance of all. existing service of the various trolley lines now operating over said •bridge. The- commissioner- of plant and structures "thinks that this is a result to be attained and that much good will flow to the public by the operation of the city line. The existing trolley railroads contend that they cannot compete -with the city, at a cut price contemplated by the city, which, by the resolution of the city authorities, is limited to cost plus sinking fund charge. If the results in the future are that the public comfort and convenience are greatly increased, clearly the credit for such increase of comfort should be accorded to the city authorities. It' is equally ■apparent that if the result is an increase of present discomfort and confusion, so that we have confusion ...worse confounded, then the blame for this result can readily be traced. This is not a function of the court. This is purely an executive function and the responsibility lies upon the officers of the "city, and not upon the court. An order may be entered appointing three commissioners under the statute.
''" Ordered' accordingly