Terry, C. J. and Field, J. concurring.
1. Many technical and minor points are taken by the Appellants which we do not deem it necessary to consider. -Some of these are frivolous, and some unsustained by the record. The refusal of the Court to grant a new trial upon the affidavit of the Attorney was proper. Fío sufficient cause was shown. If we could listen to affidavits of oral agreements or understandings of counsel, yet the fact that an Attorney appeared for the defendant and contested this case on the trial, and the counter affidavits of the plaintiffs’ Attorneys, sufficiently negatived the grounds of the motion for this cause.
2. FTor is there anything in the objection taken in the demurrer to the complaint. It is a very formal pleading, and is, in itself, unobjectionable. It follows the approved precedents in actions for the diversion of water. It avers the possession of the plaintiffs of the land, and the subject of the injury; and that is enough against trespassers which the defendants are charged to be.
3. Still worse grounded is the objection that ten days were not given the defendants to answer the formal amended complaint.
4. Epon the trial the plaintiffs introduced evidence for the purpose of showing title to the water in dispute. The plaintiffs claimed that the water had been appropriated by one Tan Court before the defendants’ right accrued, or they had taken possession, and they claimed that Tan Court had gone upon this land in 1850, and taken actual possession, and built a saw mill, and afterward» a grist mill, on public land, using the waters of Bear *231River for mill purposes. Van Court remained in possession, by A. Van Court, his brother, until 1854, when he placed McDonald in possession. The following paper was executed at the time :
“ Know all men by these presents, that I, Alexander Van Court, of the county of Tuba, State of California, do sell and convey all the right, title, and interest, of B. J. Van Court in the property, to wit: one saw-mill, situated on Bear River, with everything appertaining to said mill; also, the one-half of the merchant and flouring mills; also, all the machinery appertaining to said mills; one dwelling-house, kitchen, and one chest of tools, (millwright,) log chains, etc. also all the interest that the said Van Courts hgve in- a ferry or erection of a ferry on Bear River, near said mills; also, the pre-emption of one hundred and sixty acres of land running up and down Bear River, and belonging to said mills, and all the above named property to be free from all arrears; and I, Alexander Van Court, being my brother’s legally authorized Attorney, do sell, convey, transfer, and set over, to J. L. McDonald, all the above named property, for the consideration of two thousand dollars, for which I, Alexander Van Court, receive one thousand in hand, and the other thousand at the completion of the Merchant Mills, when the same are in good operative order.
Alexander Van Court, [l. s.]
This instrument, it will be observed, is not under seal, for though the characters (l. s.) are added to the name of Alexander Van Court, yet no words are in the body of the instrument expressive of the intent to make it a sealed instrument. It was not, therefore, a deed, but only an executory agreement, if sufficient in other respects. It is insisted that this paper was not admissible in evidence; but no specific objection was taken to it at the time it was offered. The general objection was not enough to exclude it, unless plainly upon its face inadmissible or void. The plaintiffs claimed by possession, and this paper, if not otherwise admissible, was proper evidence to show the. date of their possession, and, perhaps, the character under which McDonald entered. Besides, the actual occupancy seems to have been in Alexander Van Court, and so far as plaintiffs had gone at the time of offering this paper, it might have been enough *232to show that the person in actual occupancy, supposing this to be the deed of Alexander and not of B. J. Van Court, had surrendered his claim to the plaintiff, McDonald; so that there was no error in admitting this paper. We shall have occasion to consider this paper and its effect further when we proceed to discuss the merits of this ease. The same objection, in the same form, was taken to a paper executed on the 30th March, 1853, by Alexander Tan Court to his brother, B. J. and to a paper executed by B. J. Tan Court, not under seal, purporting to be a power of attorney to Alexander, authorizing the sale of his saw-mill, etc. Under this power Alexander made the sale through which plaintiffs claim. The same remarks so far apply to this paper as to the other.
On the 20th March, 1854, Blackburn made a contract with Alexander, respecting the construction of a grist-mill, by which he became interested in the premises, at least to the extent of the water needed for that mill. It is urged that there was no conveyance to Blackburn, of any interest in the saw-mill or in the one hundred and sixty acres of land. The defendants claim that they appropriated the waters of Bear River in June, 1851, at a distance of forty miles above the mills; and this was prior, of course, to the actual possession of the plaintiffs, but subsequent to the first appropriation by Tan Court and one Moore, under whom Tan Court claimed. It would seem that if the plaintiffs relied upon their possession alone, they could not by force of it recover damages for a trespass committed before, nor for water diverted prior to thpir title. Their mere possession would give them title only to that which they possessed. They would take the premises as they found them; and if the water had been diverted from the old channel anterior to the acquiring of their possession, they could not regain it. It was probably in view of this principle that they sought to connect themselves with the title of their predecessors, in order to show that this water in dispute was really a part of their title or property. The ownership of water, as a substantive and valuable property, distinct, sometimes, from the land through which it flows, has been recognized by our Courts; and this ownership, of course, draws to it all the legal remedies for its invasion. The right accrues from appropriation; this appropriation is the intent to take, accompanied by some
*233open, physical demonstration of the intent, and for some valuable use. We have hold that there is no difference in respect to this use, or rather purpose, to which the water is to be applied; at least, that an appropriation for the uses of a mill stands on the same footing as an appropriation for the use of the mines. Each of these purposes, indeed, may be equally useful, or even necessary to the miners themselves. But the nature of the use may be important, as denoting the extent of the water appropriated. Water taken for a mill is not taken as an article of merchandise, to be sold in the market; it is merely used as a motive power, and after it passes the mill and subserves its purposes, may be used as an aid to the working of the mines. But this last use must not be inconsistent with the prior right acquired by the mill owner, so far as liis necessary use is concerned. This right of water may be transferred like other property. If, by the erection of a mill and the possessory right of land on the stream, the water be acquired—this being evidence of the appropriation of the water—we do not see that the right would not pass by any sufficient transfer of the possession of the property to the vendee, as owner ; in fact, wo do not doubt that it would. And this brings us to consider what we deem the essential matter of tills case, whether the plaintiff and Blackburn got the title of Van Court, the first appropriator of the water, to this mill. We assume for proven all the disputed or disputable facts upon which the jury have passed, directly or in effect, by their verdict. The question of the possession of the premises, the mill,, etc. by McDonald, by virtue of some contract with Van Court, in not disputed; but it is argued, that this contract gives him no title to this water, diverted and used, and sold by the Bear Biver Company. The grounds of this objection we will now consider: It is said that, conceding that title was originally in Van Court, it did not pass to the plaintiff, McDonald, because the paper executed by Alexander Van Court to McDonald was not legally executed so as to pass the title. The power of attorney from B. J. Vancourt to Alexander seems to be regular in form, except that it is not under seal; though professing in the body of it to be sealed, the scroll is omitted. The power authorizes “Alexander to grant, bargain, sell, and convey, my saw-mill, dwelling, etc. situated in the county of Yuba. Said mills and other im*234provements are situated on a tract or claim of land on Bear Eiver.” * * “I do grant unto my said Attorney full power to execute and deliver all needful instruments, whether under seal or otherwise * * to perform all such matters, acts, and things, as my said Attorney shall deem necessary and expedient for the complete and effectual execution of the authority granted,” etc.
Under this power Alexander Van Court made the instrument first set out, which, it has already been seen, was not under seal; so that the argument of the counsel for Appellants, that the paper executed by the Attorney was void, because the Attorney could not execute a technical deed, except under authority by deed, has no application to the facts. The power authorizes the execution of needful instruments, sealed or unsealed, and seems, from the comprehensiveness of its language, to impart the largest discretion as to the terms and form of sale to the agent. Taking the agreement, or so to call it, conveyance, in connection with the power, and we can see no fatal objection to it. It is true, that, for technical reasons, a deed of an Attorney must purport to be the deed and executed in the name of the principal. That doctrine was discussed in the argument of Dupont v. Wertheman, (10 Cal.) but was not passed on by the Court. But this doctrine applies more strictly to technical deeds than to parol contracts. The power is not under seal; it is only a written authority to the agent to contract in reference to the property, etc. and the contract is made by Alexander for the right of the principal in the subject, and the paper recites that “ I, Alexander Van Court, being my brother’s legally authorized Attorney, do sell, convoy,” etc. The property sold is the property of B. J. Van Court, the principal, and the agent selling represents himself as the Attorney of the principal; a consideration is stated, and an authority to sell is shown. The vendee is put in possession and retains possession for a series of years, making valuable improvements.
That such an agreement might be specificiilly enforced, and was a sufficient memorandum in writing to give effect to the contract, we think cannot be disputed. (See Wood’s Dig. Sec. 100.)
That by force of such agreement, and the possession taken under it, the plaintiff, McDonald, acquired an equitable estate in the premises, giving him a present right to its full enjoyment, we think, clear, and this right, being united with the present *235possession, enabled him to maintain any action for an interruption of the possession or any injury to the property.
The case of New England Marine Insurance Company v. De Wolf, illustrates the distinction between sealed and unsealed instruments, and shows that the rule requiring the instrument to be executed or signed, in the name of the principal, does not apply to instruments not under seal, and the same distinction is expressly stated in Andrews v. Estes et als. (2 Fairf. 267). The cases in all the States, in regard to instruments not under seal, agree that if the name of the principal appear in the instrument, and the intention, on the whole, be apparently to bind him, he will be the party bound, if the agent had authority, although the instrument be signed in the agent’s name only. (See Farmers and Mechanics Bank v. Troy City Bank, 1 Doug. 458, 467.) “ In an agreement not under seal,” said the Chancellor, in the late case of Townsend v. Hubbard, (4 Hill’s N. Y. 351, 357; and see Townsend v. Corning, 28 Wend. 436, 440,) “ executed by an agent or Attorney on behalf of his principal, and where the agent or Attorney is duly authorized to make the agreement it is sufficient as a general rule, if it appears in any part of the instrument that the understanding of the parties was that the principal, and not the agent or Attorney, was the person to be bound for the fulfillment of the contract." (See, also, Evans v. Wells, 22 Wend. 825, 335, 310.) In South Carolina, in some earlier cases, this was not admitted, and it has been decided that a note in the form, “ I promise to pay,” etc. signed “ J. L. R. for J. J.” bound the agent personally, and did not bind the principal. (Fash v. Ross, 2 Hill’s South Car. 294; Taylor v. McLean, 1 McMullan, 352; Moore v. Cooper, 1 Spears, 87.) But all these are overruled in Robertson v. Pope, (1 Richardson, 501) ; and the distinction recognized between deeds and parol contracts, that in the former the sealing and delivery must be in the name of the principal; but in the latter it is enough if it appear that the contract was intended to be made for the principal.
5. There is no foundation for the notion that this power of attorney did not embrace the water privilege. The mill sold, or proposed to be sold, would be wholly valueless without it, and the general language is: “ including the mill, dwelling,” etc. “ said mill and other improvements are situated,” etc. The deed *236to a house is held to include the land on which it is, and it would be absurd to hold that a deed to a mill, only of use because of the water which moves it, does not include the right to the water, especially when the phrase et cetera, to which Lord Coke attaches such extension of meaning, is used.
6. We have, in these remarks, assumed that these papers wore as they are set out in the Appellant’s brief. But wo do not, after looking over the transcript, find them set out. On page twenty-one we find that some papers of this general character were offered by plaintiff and objected to generally by defendant. But the grounds of objection are not given, and the papers not even particularly described. And it seems that “ a bill of sale of a portion of mills and property given by A. Van Court to John C. Blackburn” was given in evidence by plaintiff; and this seems to have been done without objection. The presumption is, that what is done by a Court of general jurisdiction is properly done, and it rests with the losing party to show aErmatively that there was error.
7. It seems that Blackburn was in possession with McDonald, and it might be inferred that he was interested with him in this mill company and the right to the water. The saw-mill was put up January 8, 1850; the grist mill was commenced in 1853, and was put in operation in the fall of 1854, built on the same side of the stream as the saw-mill. It seems that the mill, before the ditch of defendants, required and used one thousand inches of water. The instruction of the Court limited the plaintiff’s claim to the amount of water first taken for the mill.
The Appellants contend that they took, by the location of tlioir ditch, all the water not needed for the saw-mill; and that their right, by appropriation, was perfect to all, subject only to the right of the mill-owner; that the right of the mill-owner was limited to a use of this water for this particular purpose, and ceased immediately when the saw-mill, from want of timber in the neighborhood, or otherwise, ceased its operations as such ; and that.the plaintiffs, having subsequently built a grist-mill, are not entitled to the water for that mill. Probably it would bo enough to say in answer to the ingenious argument on this subject, that the point seems to be taken here for the first time; it is not taken in the answer, nor was it made on the trial. No *237instruction on the subject was asked by the counsel; nor was it made a point on the motion for a new trial. The point rests on particular facts or inferences, which, the jury, if properly instructed, might or might not draw from'the evidence—suchas the extent of the defendants’ appropriation, or of the plaintiffs’, as evidenced by the acts of both—the declarations, the relativo quantity of water needed for the grist-mill or the saw-mill, the quantity of timber, etc. etc. and many other considerations, which a Court of Appeals could scarcely be called upon for the first time to determine.- But even if we felt disposed to permit this matter to bo asserted here for the first time, we are far from, being convinced that the point is well taken. It by no means follows that, because in an agricultural district, a party takes up a mill-seat, gets a good title—-as we esteem possession of pnblip land to be—to the land, and makes valuable permanent improvements, all dependent on the use of the water as a motive power —that lie means only to use the water appropriated for the first purpose to which he applies it. At any rate a very clear case should be made that that purpose had been fully answered before his title to the water^should be hold to be abandoned. The mere fact that he chooses to-apply the water which ho had a right to use, in whole or in part, if be so chose, in sawing timber, to grinding wheat, is no abandonment of his title to it. But the question is not so made on this record as to require from us a decision upon this last point.
8th. The plaintiffs claim that they were'in possession of this propierty and these mills in 1854; that at that time, and since, they were entitled to this water to work their mills; that this quantitj'- was not permitted, at the time laid in the complaint, to flow to their mills, but was diverted by the ditch; and for this they claim damages. Possibly it was enough for the plaintiffs to show the simple fact "that they were in the use of this water, as against every one claiming by subsequent right, without calling to their aid any antecedent title to their entry, for the location by defendants of their ditch in 1851, supposing that to be an appropriation of water's of Bear River from that time, was only an appropriation of so much as was not before appropriated by Van Court, and no abandonment is shown by him; but on the contrary, it is shown by plaintiffs’ proof that McDonald and *238Blackburn succeeded to the possession of Tan Court. For the damages resulting after they came into possession, it would seem they could jointly maintain this action on that possession ; at all events, this question of misjoinder, or want of common interest in the subject of the suit, should, if it appeared by the plaintiffs’ evidence, have been taken by motion for nonsuit, or upon instructions. The plaintiffs, if the point bad been made, might have dismissed the suit as to Blackburn, but if permitted to wait until after a new trial is denied, without making the point, it would throw upon us the trouble of searching every transcript to see if ingenious counsel here were right in the suggestion of points which ought to have been, but were not, made below. This would give a great advantage to the Appellants, for a statement is usually made up with reference to the points actually made below, and there would often be advantages taken in the statement, or effect given to it wholly different from what was foreseen or expected. Besides the unsatisfactory nature of such an inquiry, our labors would be interminable if we were compelled to search every record for the purpose of seeing if some new point resting on the evidence, but never taken by counsel below, was well founded in law or fact.
These observations apply to the question on the Statute of Limitations, insisted upon as a defense. Uo instruction was asked. Uor do we see how it could be. The injury was not from the location of the defendants’ ditch. That was a subsequent appropriation secondary and subordinate in right to the plaintiffs as it was claimed. The diversion complained of was since the period barring the claim for damages,- and the statute could not operate merely from the fact that the defendant had made a claim; it must have been shown that he made an exclusive claim with possession.
The instruction given by the Court, at its own instance, fairly placed the law before the jury on the main question in the case. It is in this language: “If the jury should find from the evidence, that the plaintiffs were the first to acquire a right to the use of the water flowing in Bear River, and that the defendants subsequently diverted the waters of the stream to the extent of depriving the plaintiffs of the same quantity of water which they originally possessed as prior locators, then they should find *239for the plaintiff—but if the water which the defendants took by means of their ditch, or other means, did not diminish the quantity of water, then no injury resulted to plaintiffs, and they should find for the defendants. The principle is, as decided by our Courts, that he who is first in time is first in right. The jury should take into consideration the quantity of water which was necessary for the plaintiffs in running their mill, for if there was an excess of water for this purpose, any other locator or proprietor is entitled to have it.”
9th. The three instructions refused were, as proposed, manifestly erroneous upon their face, and were properly denied.
10th. There is no error in admitting proof of Dwyer’s signature to the paper; no grounds for excluding it were assigned, nor does it even appear that the paper was admitted or read. It might have been proper to locate and explain the premises.
11th. The objection to the refusal to admit the question, “Do you know of any other ditches taken out of this stream, or do you know whether the waters arc taken out above the mill by any other company, for any other purpose ?” does not give us such information in reference to the subject as to enable us to decide whether the question was admissible. This might well have been refused on several grounds. It is not material whether there was at the time of the trial any other diversion of water from this dam; nor is it apparent that there was error in refusing a question so broad as to admit proof of water taken so far above the mill as to be beyond the ditch of defendant. It must be affirmatively shown that there was error in the ruling of the Court, before, on an incidental point like this, we can reverse on account of it.
We have given the case all the consideration we could extend to it, consistently with other engagements, and we think the judgment should be affirmed.
See Ortman v. Dixon, ante.