The plaintiff appeals, on the judgment-roll alone, from a judgment in favor of the defendant; and the only question before us, is, whether on the pleadings and findings the plaintiff is entitled to the relief demanded. The principal question in the case, is, whether on the facts admitted by the pleadings or found by the Court, the action of the Begister and Beceiver, in permitting the plaintiff’s entry and accepting the purchase price, was subject to the revision and control of the Commissioner of the General Land Office and the Secretary of the Interior. It appears from the findings, that after the plaintiff had proved up his preemption claim, and had paid the purchase money and obtained his certificate, the Commissioner of the General Land Office, on receiving “information of the claim of defendant to enter the land now in lots two and six, ordered and directed the Begister and Beceiver at San Francisco to investigate the entry and purchase of the north half of the north half of the said section one, made by plaintiff as alleged in the complaint, and directed said Begister and Be*468ceiver to take such testimony as might be offered by said plaintiff and said defendant respectively, concerning their respective claims to said lots two and six, and to report the same with their decision thereon to said Commissioner.” It further appears that in pursuance of this instruction, notice was given to the plaintiff and defendant, who appeared before the Eegister and Receiver, and litigated their respective rights. The decision of the Register and Receiver was" in favor of the plaintiff, from which the defendant appealed to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, by whom the decision of the Register and Receiver was reversed, and the land awarded to the defendant. From this decision the plaintiff appealed to the Secretary of the Interior, who affirmed the ruling of the Commissioner; and on the return of the-cage to the Register and Receiver the defendant paid the purchase price and received a duplicate receipt therefor; whereupon a patent issued to-him, under which he now holds the land.
The plaintiff claims that the patent wrongfully issued to the defendant, and ought rightfully to have issued to the plaintiff; and the object of the present action is to compel a conveyance of the legal title. The plaintiff claims the land as a pre-emptioner; and the defendant under the Act of Congress of July23d, 1866, entitled “An Act to quiet titles in California." The plaintiff filed his declaratory statement of his intention to pre-empt the land a few days before the passage of the Act of Congress of July 23d, 1866, but did not prove up his claim and pay the purchase price until several months later. It becomes material, therefore, to inquire—first, whether, on the facts admitted by the pleadings or contained in the' findings, the Commissioner of the General Land Office and the Secretary of the Interior had jurisdiction to set aside the decision of the Register and Receiver,,, awarding the land to the plaintiff; and if this question be answered in the affirmative, second, whether their action in the premises can be reviewed in the Courts in the absence of an allegation of fraud, accident, or a mistake of facts, induced by false affidavits or fraudulent practices. If the action of the Register and Receiver, in permit*469ting the plaintiff’s entry and accepting payment of the purchase money, was subject to be reviewed and set aside by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, or, on appeal, by the Secretary of the Interior, then it is plain that the plaintiff has no title which a Court of Equity will enforce, unless the action of these officers can be reviewed on some ground of equitable cognizance to be alleged and proved. They have decided his case against him, and if they had jurisdiction of the proceeding, and were empowered by law to decide the controversy, their decision concludes the plaintiff, unless it can be impeached on some of the grounds on which Courts of Equity interfere to correct errors of law, to prevent fraud, or to correct mistakes superinduced by false representations or fraudulent practices. On the question of jurisdiction it may be observed, in limine, that under the land system of the United States, the Commissioner of the General Land Office, subject to the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior, is at the head of the department having in charge the sale and disposal of the public lands. He is authorized to make rules and regulations, not inconsistent with law, for the government of the numerous subordinate officers, dispersed over a vast territory, and many of them at remote points from the seat of government. The interests confided to this branch of the public service are of great magnitude, affecting both public and private rights; and the trusts reposed in subordinate officers are capable of gross abuses. Under these circumstances, it is not a reasonable inference, that Congress intended the decision of the Register and Receiver to foe absolutely final, in any matter pertaining to the sale of public lands. Before permitting the entry of a pre-emption claimant, they are required to take certain proofs touching the qualification of the applicant, and the acts he has performed to entitle him to purchase the land. On the theory of the plaintiff, if they should make a mistake, however gross in these respects, and award the land to a claimant clearly not entitled to it, for lack of the necessary qualification, or because of his failure to perform the requisite conditions, the Commissioner of the General Land Office *470would be wholly powerless to apply the proper remedy, by setting aside the entry and returning the purchase, money, unless there should be an adverse claimant, who brought up the case on appeal. But if there were no adverse claimant, it is contended, the decision of the Register and Receiver would be absolutely final, and that on paying the purchase money and obtaining his duplicate receipt the claimant would thereby acquire an equitable title, which the Commissioner of the General Land Office or the Secretary of the Interior would be powerless to divest, by setting aside the entry, however' clearly it might appear that, the claimant was not entitled to the land. If the local officers were subject to no supervisory control in this respect, it is easy to see that the opportunities for fraudulent entries would be greatly multiplied, and that the land system would be capable of gross abuses. It was, doubtless, in view of this fact, and to promote uniformity in the administration of the laws for the sale of the public domain, that Congress, by the Act of July 4th, 1836, entitled “An Act to reorganize the General Land Office,” enacted “that from and after the passage of this Act the executive duties now prescribed or which may hereafter be prescribed by law, appertaining to the survey and sale of the public lands of the United States, or in any wise respecting such public lands, and ■ also such as relate to private claims of land, and the issuing of patents for all grants of land under the authority of the Government of the United States, shall be subject to the supervision and control of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, under the direction of the President of the United States.”
This language is so explicit as to need no interpretation. If all the executive duties appertaining to the “ sale of the public lands of the United States, or in anywise respecting such public lands,” are to be “ subject to the supervision and control of the Commissioner of the General Land Office,” it is impossible to escape the conclusion that the acts of the Register and Receiver, in permitting an entry of a parcel of public land by a pre-emptioner, are subject to the “ supervision and control” of the Commissioner, whether *471the matter be brought to his attention by appeal or otherwise. His duty to supervise and “control” the acts of his subordinates is not made to depend upon the accidental circumstance whether there be adverse claimants of the land. If his authority was thus limited, it would open the door to numerous frauds; and, in a large class of cases, there would be no means of correcting the mistakes and blunders of incapable local officers. We are supported in these views by the late-case of Johnson v. Towsley, 13 Wallace, p. 72.
We are, therefore, of opinion, that the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and the Secretary of the Interior on appeal, had the jurisdiction to “ control” the action of the Begister and Beceiver in permitting the plaintiff’s entry, and had lawful authority to set it aside if erroneous.
It remains to be considered to what extent the action of these officers may be reviewed in the courts. It is a rule resting on reason, and authority as well, that in the absence of fraud, or fraudulent imposition _ on the officers of the land department, their determination of matters of fact is not open to review in the courts. Being a special tribunal to which the law confides the duty of deciding upon facts which are brought in question before them, their decision, if free from fraud, and not the result of a fraudulent imposition upon them, is final and conclusive. They may err in their judgment as to the weight of testimony, or may decide directly against the evidence.
But no appeal lies to the Courts to correct such errors. (Johnson v. Towsley, supra.) If every disappointed applicant for the purchase of a quarter section of land could appeal from the decision of the Land Department to the Courts, on controverted questions of fact, the delays would be most vexatious, and the litigation interminable. But these officers are not above the law, which prescribes a rule of conduct for them, and to which their official acts, like those of all other executive officers, are subject. If, on an an admitted state of facts, they perform an act not authorized by law, the Courts will redress the wrong, or apply the proper corrective. The Courts have frequently exercised *472jurisdiction in such cases, and have reversed the action of the Land Department, in awarding the land to one person, when the law awarded it to another, and that, too, in the absence of any charge of fraud or imposition.
In entertaining jurisdiction in this class of cases, Courts of Equity proceed on the principle that the Land Department is not an imperium in impm'io, whose decisions of purely legal questions are absolutely final; but, on the contrary, that when the controversy involves no disputed question of fact, which it is the' peculiar province of that department to decide, the Courts, in proper cases, will correct its erroneous rulings on questions of law. But in the case at bar, it does not appear, either from the pleading or findings, what facts were proved before the Register and Receiver; the only averment in the complaint on this point being that he made proof of his said pre-emption, claim and right, under the laws of the United States of America, to the satisfaction of the Register and Receiver of the United States Land Office,” etc. The decision of the Register and Receiver, however, was not satisfactory to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, who ordered them “to investigate the entry and purchase of the north half of the north half of the said section one, made by the plaintiff,’’and directed them to take such testimony as might be offered by the plaintiff and defendant respectively, and to report the same, with their decision thereon, to the Commissioner. The testimony was accordingly taken, but it does not appear what facts were proved on this second investigation. The decision of the Register and Receiver being again in favor of the plaintiff, was again disapproved by the Commissioner, in respect to the land in controversy, and his decision was affirmed, on appeal, by the Secretary of the Interior. For aught that appears in this record, the decision of the two highest officers of the Land Department at Washington, in rejecting the plaintiff’s claim, may have turned wholly upon the question of the sufficiency or insufficiency of his proofs, to entitle him to pre-empt the land under the general pre-emption law. The proofs are not before us; and if they were, it is the exclusive *473province of the Land Department to decide upon the sufficiency or insufficiency of the evidence to establish the necessary facts. Nor do the pleadings or express findings negative the inference, that in the opinion and judgment of the Commissioner and Secretary, the plaintiffs proofs were insufficient to establish his claim under the general preemption laws. The only facts found or admitted by the pleadings on this branch of the case are, that the plaintiff made proof of his claim to the satisfaction of the Register and Receiver, and that the Commissioner, on receiving information of the defendant’s claim, ordered a reinvestigation of the plaintiff’s claim; whereupon new proofs were taken, and another decision rendered by the Register and Receiver, in favor of the plaintiff, which was reversed by the Commissioner and Secretary, by whom the land was awarded to the defendant. There is nothing in the record to rebut the inference, that the decision of these officers may have proceeded wholly on the ground that in their judgment, the plaintiff’s proofs were not sufficient to establish the performance of the necessary acts to entitle him to the benefit of the general pre-emption laws.
In order to present a case of which a Court of Equity would take cognizance, it ought distinctly to have appeared that the Commissioner was mistaken, not in the facts, but in the law of the case. As we have already seen, his judgment on the facts cannot be reviewed in the Courts, in the absence of fraud or imposition, whilst his decision of questions of law may be. The pleadings and findings fail to show that the error, if there be one, of the Commissioner and Secretary, was not purely an error of fact, and not of law.
Judgment affirmed. Remittitur forthwith.
The Chief Justice being a party to the action, did not sit in the cause.
Mr. Justice Rhodes did not express an opinion.