The money used in the purchase of the land was not the separate property of the husband. (Smith v. Smith, 12 Cal. 224 Story’s Conflict of Laws, secs. 186, 454.) In an action for a divorce and division of property the law rei sitce determines the-character of the real estate, as between the parties. Each State-impresses on property within its limits the character which it. may deem expedient. (Story’s Conflict of Laws, sec. 447.) The law of community is a real law. Hence a change of domicile can never affect the interests of the husband and wife in their real property, because those interests in their present property, as well as in their future acquisitions, are determined by the lex loci rei sitce. (Story’s Conflict of Laws, secs. 186, 187, 454; Ibid. sec. 159 to 191; Bouvier’s Law Die. Lex Rei Sites, and authorities there cited; Broom’s Legal Maxims, 4th London ed. p. 385.)
Glassell, Chapman & Smiths, for the Respondent.
Our “ Act defining the rights of husband and wife,” passed April 17th, 1850, is expressly limited in its operation by the 14th and 15th sections thereof, which are as follows:
“Sec. 14. In every marriage hereafter contracted in this State, the rights of husband and wife shall be governed by this act, unless there is a marriage contract containing stipulations contrary thereto.
“ Sec. 15. The rights of husband and wife married in this State prior to the passage of this act, or married out of this State, who shall reside and acquire property herein, shall also be determined by the provisions of this act with respect to such property as shall be hereafter acquired, unless so far as such provisions may be in conflict with the stipulations of any marriage contract.” (Hitt. Dig. arts. 3563, 3576, 3577.)
As to the acquisitions of the spouses in Illinois during the. *304seven years of their marriage prior to 1850, it is obvious that under no possible construction could our said act have any operation.
As to all acquisition of the spouses, in Illinois after 1850, and until 1867, when they came to “reside and acquire property herein,” it is also obvious that our act had no operation. .
It is, however, unnecessary to draw any distinction as to whether any of the money with which the property in question was bought, was acquired before or after our law was passed. For it is clear upon authority, as well as principle, that in no event could our law extend to the State of Illiuois, so as to alter the property rights of the citizens of that State domiciled there, in regard to property which they had acquired in that,State.
No question is or can be made that by the law of Illinois, (the common law) where the parties were married and domiciled until they removed to this State, the money with which the' land in question was purchased by the husband was his sole property when he brought it into this State.
But, say appellant’s counsel, when he brought that money here and invested it in real estate, the wife immediately became invested with one-half of the purchased property.
Our search has discovered no authority to support such an unreasonable proposition. Far from it, the authorities are uniformly to the contrary.
Mr. Wharton, in his recent and able work on Conflict of Laws, reviews the authorities, European and American, on this subject, and finds no conflict among them as to our point. In sec. 198 he quotes with approval from Mr. Burge, as expressing the doctrine on which all jurists agree.
See, also, sec. 196, and authorities there cited, and Oliver v. Hobertson, 41 Texas, 422,
By the Court, McKinstry, J.:If the real estate, the subject of the controversy, was the separate property of the defendant, Daniel Kraemer, the decree of the Court below must be affirmed. The term “ separate property ” means an estate held, both in its use and in its title, for *305the exclusive benefit either of the husband or wife. (George v. Ransom, 15 Cal. 322.) And real property purchased during coverture with funds which constituted a part of the separate estate of the husband or wife is also his or her separate property. (Ramsdell v. Fuller, 28 Cal. 37.) If, therefore, the money with which the land—the subject of controversy in the present action—was purchased was the separate property of the defendant, the decree of the District Court must be affirmed.
This case is not subject to the embarrassment arising from the conflicting views expressed by different writers in respect to the effect of a change of domicile after marriage on the proprietary rights of the spouses, and is almost free from those complicated questions upon the conflict of the laws of different States or nations, which—as remarked by Mr. Justice Porter, in Saul v. His Creditors, 17 Martin, 571—2—are the most difficult of decision of any that can occupy the Courts of Justice.
It was found by the Court below that the money brought by the defendant from the State of Illinois (and with which the lands were purchased in California) was, according to the law of the State first named, the separate property of the husband, Daniel Kraemer.
“ Where there is no express contract, the law of the matrimonial domicile will govern as to all the rights of the parties in that place, and as to all personal property everywhere, upon the principle that movables have no situs, or rather that they accompany the person everywhere.” (Story’s Conflict of Laws, 183.)
“This proposition,” says Mr. Justice Story, “has in America much authority for its support, and none in opposition to it.”
The same view seems to be taken by Doctor Wharton (Conflict of Laws, secs. 197—8). The idea is illustrated by Mr. Burge (Col. and For. Law). He says: “The matrimonial domicile of the parties may be supposed to be in a country where, as in England, the marriage is an absolute gift to the husband of the wife’s whole personal estate; the subsequent domicile may be in a country where, as in British Guiana, the wife, by virtue of the communio bonorum, retains an interest in her own and acquires an interest in her husband’s personal property; or the matrimonial domicile may have been in British Guiana, and *306the subsequently acquired domicile in England. In the one case, the whole personal estate of the wife has become vested in the husband; the wife brings no personal property of her own into British Guiana, on which the law of the community can attach. In the other case, the wife arrives in England, not only retaining an interest in her own, but having acquired an interest in the property of her husband. The law of the matrimonial domicile has, in this case, already made a disposition of the property of the husband and the wife at the time when the parties were subject to that law. In neither case could the law of the new domicile be admitted without divesting rights which had already been legally acquired.”
There have been, indeed, differences of opinion among learned authors and judges as to the application of the doctrine to personal property acquired after the change of domicile, but no such question arises in the present case, since the money with which the land was purchased was none of it acquired after the removal to this State.
Whether the rule we have considered arises out of a tacit agreement dating from the time of the marriage, as claimed by some writers, or is based on another principle, as asserted by others, there can be no doubt of its application to the facts of the present case, and that the money wherewith the land was purchased was, and the land itself is, the separate property of the defendant.
Judgment affirmed.