The petitioner was committed to prison by the Superior Court, as being guilty of contempt in refusing to answer the question (upon motion to set aside an indictment) whether he as grand juror voted for finding the indictment.
The form of the oath, in general use for centuries, binds the grand juror to preserve inviolate the secrets of the grand jury room. Public policy would seem to forbid vain disclosures made to gratify idle curiosity. “ But,” say Thompson and Merriam, “ when, for the purposes of public justice, or for the protection of private rights, it becomes necessary, in a court of justice, to disclose the proceedings of the grand jury, the better authorities now hold that this may be done. It is obvious that there are certain transactions of the grand jury room which it can never be for the interests of justice to disclose; for example, what particular jurors concurred in or opposed the finding of • the indictment; what opinions were expressed by various members of the body. In respect to such matters the injunction of secrecy may well be perpetual.” (Thom. & Mer. on Juries, § 703.)
The furthest any of the cases cited by the text writers, from whom we have quoted, have gone towards permitting an inquiry by means of the testimony of grand jurors themselves into the mode of finding an indictment, is to allow the question, did twelve grand jurors concur in finding the indictment? Thus in Low’s Case, 4 Me. 439, that question was permitted, but both the,judges who delivered opinions in that case were careful to exclude any inference that it would be proper to inquire how a particular juror voted. Weston, J., said : “The oath of the grand juror requires him to keep secret the State’s counsel, his fellows’ and his own. Of this character may be, what particular jurors agreed or dissented upon the question whether a true bill or not.....But the fact whether twelve or more concurred or not in the bill is not a secret. It is a result which they are required, through their organ, the foreman, to make known.” And Preble, J., added: “Sow any juror voted is a secret no juror is permitted to disclose; but whether twelve of their number concurred in finding a bill is not a secret of the State, their fellows, or their own. It is a fact they of necessity profess to disclose every time they pro*527mulgaté their decision upon any bill laid before them.” The Supreme Court of Maine in effect held that the fact whether twelve concurred in finding an indictment could be inquired into by the testimony of the grand jurors, on motion, but that in pursuing such inquiry the grand juror could not be required to state whether he voted for or against the indictment.
In other courts, however, the inquiry has been limited still more. “ By such courts grand jurors will not be permitted to testify whether they voted at all, how they or their companions voted, or whether twelve concurred in the finding.” (Thom. & Mer. on Juries, § 704, and cases cited in note.)
No case has been called to our attention in which it has been held that a grand juror could be compelled to answer how he voted with respect to the finding of a particular indictment.
In this State the whole matter is regulated by statute. The oath of the grand juror is: “You will keep your own counsel and that of your fellows and of the government, and will not, except when required in the due course of judicial proceedings, disclose the testimony of any witness examined before you, nor anything which you or any other grand juror may have said, nor the manner in which you or any other grand juror may have voted on any matter before you.” (Pen.. Code, § 903.)
Section 926 of the Penal Code reads: “Every member of the grand jury must keep secret whatever he himself or any other grand juror may have said, or in what manner he or any other grand juror may have voted on a matter before them; but may, however, be required by any court to disclose the testimony of a witness examined before the grand jury, for the purpose of ascertaining whether it is consistent with that given by the witness before the court, or to disclose the testimony given before them by any person, upon a charge against such person for perjury in giving his testimony, upon trial therefor.”
Section 926 specifies the exceptional cases in which a court may require a grand juror to disclose any matter transpiring in the jury room, and provides that he must keep secret other matters, including “ in what manner he or any other grand juror may have voted on a matter before them.” Beading together sections 903 and 920, it is apparent that the exception stated in the former section is intended to apply only to the clause which *528immediately succeeds it—“You will not, except when required in the due course of judicial proceedings, disclose the testimony of any witness examined before you, nor (will you disclose) anything which you or any other grand juror may have said, nor the manner in 'which you or any other grand juror may have voted,” etc.
Thus read the subsequent section, 926, may be given its effect, the last clause specifying the matters with respect to which a grand juror may be required to make disclosure “ in the due course of judicial proceedings.”
The inquiry must be confined to such matters; that is to say, the grand juror can only be required to state what was the testimony of a witness examined before the grand jury
It has been argued with much ingenuity that the provision of the law which authorizes a motion to set aside an indictment where it has not been “found” as prescribed by the Code, is of no benefit to a defendant unless he is permitted to prove that it was not duly found by the testimony of the grand jurors themselves, who are alone present when an indictment is voted upon. (Pen. Code, § 995.) It is contended that the right to move on, the ground that the indictment was not properly found, necessarily includes the right to prove the fact by the testimony of those only who can know the fact. But there are many legal rights which cannot be established by certain witnesses. Thus it is well settled that a petit juror cannot impeach his verdict, although a defendant may move for new trial on the ground of unfairness in its rendition. (People v. Wyman, 15 Cal. 70.) We can imagine cases in which it might be possible to prove that less than twelve voted for an indictment without resorting to the testimony of the grand jurors themselves. The mere inconvenience or difficulty of proving the fact ought not to overrule the many grave objections to a ¡procedure not only not directly authorized, but expressly forbidden by the Code, which may interfere with the complete freedom of exposure of alleged offenses which it is. the design of the institution of grand juries to secure, and conflict with other principles of public policy which are subserved by keeping inviolate the secrets of the grand jury room—except when their disclosure is absolutely necessary. • Ho serious injury can arise from prohibiting the *529question asked the petitioner. The cases must be rare indeed in which a foreman will dare attempt to practice fraud upon Ms fellow jurors by indorsing and presenting a bill not in fact found, and if such a fraud is practiced, the law will provide a proper punishment by direct proceedings against the party guilty of the fraud.
Finally, as said by Ryland, J. (in State v. Baker, 20 Mo. 338), an innocent person will not be injured by limiting the inquiry, for he can always vindicate himself in a trial on the merits.
Let the petitioner be discharged from custody.
Morrison, C. J., Sharpstein, J., Boss, J., Thornton, J., Myrick, J., and McKee, J., concurred.