The court found, substantially as alleged in the complaint, that on the second day of May, 1893, the defendants were engaged in the business of preparing, dealing in, and vending all kinds of foreign and domestic delicacies for the table, such as prepared *678meats, breads, cakes, pies, canned goods, and other household supplies of the kind; and were on said date the owners of a stock of such goods, together with furniture, ranges, etc., used by them-in said business, at their place of business in the city of Los Angeles. That on said date defendants sold to plaintiff and one Andrew Wood their said stock of goods, furniture, etc., and the goodwill of the business, for the consideration of three thousand dollars; that upon the payment of said sum, and in consideration thereof, the defendants executed and delivered to said purchasers their certain contract in writing, wherein it was provided that “ the said F. Ahrens and Cresence Ahrens covenants and agrees with the said Anson H. Potter and Andrew Wood that neither of us will engage in or carry on a like business in the city of Los Angeles, nor work for or assist anyone to engage in or carry on a business of the same kind or like nature. And in case of a dissolution of the partnership of the said Potter & Wood, this covenant shall inure to the benefit of the remaining partner, with like effect as though there had been no dissolution of partnership; and this covenant shall, in case of a sale of-the business by said Potter & Wood, inure to the benefit of their assigns, with the same like force and effect as it would be to the said Potter & Wood had no sale been made; and in case of a violation of this covenant the said F. Ahrens and . Cresence Ahrens agrees to pay' to the said Potter & Wood, or to their assigns, the sum of three thousand dollars ($3,000) as liquidated damages. This covenant shall be binding for the space of six years from the date of the consummation of the said sale.” That plaintiff and said Wood carried on said business for a time, but thereafter, on June 10, 1893, they dissolved partnership, and Wood sold and delivered to plaintiff his interest in said stock, business, and goodwill, and the latter has since continued said business at the same place. That on November 28, 1894, the defendant, Fred Ahrens, disregarding his said agreement, opened a store in said city, near plaintiff’s place *679of business, and began conducting a like business to that referred to in said contract; that by reason of the premises plaintiff had suffered damages in the sum of three thousand dollars.
The court further found against defendants, upon a special defense made by them, that said Cresence Ahrens had no interest at the date of said sale in said business, stock of goods, or goodwill, and that her signature to said agreement had been procured by fraud.
Judgment was entered on the findings in favor of plaintiff in the sum of three thousand dollars, and defendants appeal therefrom, and from an order denying them a new trial.
1. It is contended that there is no evidence to support the findings, in so far as they are to the effect that the defendant, Cresence Ahrens, was interested in the sale of the business or goodwill; and that, since a contract in restraint of trade can only be competently made by one who sells the goodwill of a business (Civ. Code, secs. 1673, 1674), the contract in question must be held void as to her. Independently of the question as to whether this defendant is estopped to deny her interest or title by the written contract of sale executed by her, which we think she clearly is (2 Wharton on Evidence, sec. 1147), there is sufficient evidence in the record to sustain the findings of the court in this respect. It appeared that she was the wife of her codefendant, and assisted him in carrying on the business; that they were apparently conducting it together; and that the property in question had all been acquired during the married life of the defendants, and with community funds. Furthermore, the execution by Mrs. Ahrens, with her husband, of the - contract of sale, was in itself evidence of ownership in her. The testimony of the defendants, therefore, that she was not interested in the property or the sale simply tended to raise a conflict upon the point, which it was the province of the trial court to determine.
2. It is further contended that plaintiff was not en*680titled to the amount of damages found by the court. No evidence was put in by plaintiff to establish any actual damages suffered, but, relying upon the stipulation on that subject contained in the contract of sale, plaintiff contented himself with showing a breach of the latter, and rested. As we have seen, the contract provided that for a violation of their covenant to refrain from engaging in a like business, the defendants agreed to pay to the purchasers, or to their assigns, “ the sum ■of three thousand dollars as liquidated damages.” Defendants contend that this provision was in the nature ■of a penalty, notwithstanding the amount therein designated is termed “liquidated damages”; and that plain■tiff was required to prove the actual damage suffered by 'him, and be confined in his recovery to the amount so shown.
This contention is clearly untenable. While the definition of the parties in contracts of this character is not the invariable and controlling guide for construction, the subject matter of the contract in this case was such as in its very nature, in case of a breach, to render the proof of damages extremely difficult, if not impossible, and to manifestly make a case for liquidated damages. (Norman v. Wells, 17 Wend. 163; 1 Sutherland on Damages, 507.) Indeed, the difficulties arising in fixing the actual damages in instances of this kind has been generally recognized in the law, and is so recognized by our code, which makes provision by which parties may in such cases obviate the difficulty. By section 1671 of the Civil Code it is provided that “ the parties to a contract may agree therein upon the amount which shall be presumed to be the amount of damages sustained by a breach thereof, when from the nature of the case it would be impracticable or extremely difficult to fix the actual damage.” It is perfectly obvious from the terms of the agreement here that the parties, in making the stipulation in question, had in view the very obstacle above provided against, and intended to avoid it by fixing the amount of damages the pur*681chasers should be deemed to have suffered in the event of a breach. This purpose is clear and unmistakable, and the purpose being competent, the intention must be held effectual. (Streeter v. Rush, 25 Cal. 68.) In 1 Sutherland on Damages, page 507, the author says: “ The damages for breach of contract for the purchase of the goodwill of an established trade or business are so absolutely uncertain that courts have recognized the fullest liberty of parties to fix beforehand the amount of damages in that class of cases. In the decision of such cases the strongest expressions are to be found to the effect that the intention of the parties must govern, and that courts have no power to defeat that intention on the pretext of relieving from a bad bargain.” In view of the subject matter and terms of the contract under consideration, we would not be at liberty to put a construction upon the contract so absolutely at variance with the manifest intention of the parties thereto as to hold that the stipulation here was a mere penalty. None of the authorities relied upon by the defendants tend to support such a view. The plaintiff was entitled to stand strictly upon the terms of the covenant, and, having shown a breach, he was properly awarded the amount fixed by the parties as his just redress.
3. There is nothing in the point that plaintiff is not the proper party entitled under the covenant to recover the damages therein fixed for its breach. The only construction that provision of the contract will bear is that the damages are to be paid, in the event of breach, to the purchasers, or to either one remaining in the business in case of dissolution of their partnership, or to their assigns in the event they shall sell to third parties. The clause cannot be limited, as contended by defendants, to a stipulation to pay Potter & Wood, jointly, or the “ assigns” of both of them. It inures by its terms to the remaining partner in case of dissolution of the firm; and plaintiff is clearly the “ remaining partner” within the terms of the instrument.
4. The other points made are even less plausible of *682merit than the foregoing, and we deem it unnecessary to consider them separately or at length. It is sufficient to say that we have not overlooked them and that they involve no error.
The judgment and order are affirmed.
Harrison, J., and Garotjtte, J., concurred.
Hearing in Bank denied.