Action to recover damages for a trespass ' committed by defendants in seizing and carrying away from plaintiffs’ possession a quantity of raisins. The substantive averments of the complaint are that while plaintiff was the owner and in possession, and entitled to possession, of a certain lot of raisins of the value of three hundred dollars, the defendants “unlawfully, oppressively, and with force and arms,” took and carried them away, to plaintiff’s damage in the sum of two thousand three hundred dollars.
The verdict was for plaintiff for the sum of five hundred and twenty-five dollars; and from a judgment entered thereon, and an order denying them a new trial, defendants appeal.
1. The first point made is, that the verdict was in excess of what plaintiff was entitled to recover under his complaint; that, being for a sum above the value of the raisins, as alleged, it is manifest that the jury, in addition to the actual damage suffered, awarded something by way of smart money or punitive damages for the wrong committed, while the facts stated do not authorize an award of punitive or exemplary damages.
It is quite obvious from the averments of the complaint that the purpose of the pleader was to allege facts bringing the case within section 3294 of the Civil Code, which provides: “In any action for the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, where the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice, actual or presumed, the jury, in addition to the actual damages, may give damages for the sake of example, and by way of punishing the defendant.”
It may be conceded that, as against a special demurrer for uncertainty or ambiguity, the complaint would be bad, and that plaintiff would have been required to allege in a more specific manner the circumstances showing oppression or malice in the doing of the act complained of in order to entitle him to damages in excess of the actual value of the property taken. (Mal*219lory v. Thomas, 98 Cal. 644; Lamb v. Harbaugh, 105 Cal. 680.) But defendants interposed no such demurrer, and, after verdict, the intendments are in favor of the sufficiency of the pleading. The circumstances of the trespass are alleged in very general terms, it is true, hut it appears from the record that the trial proceeded upon the theory that the complaint was sufficient to bring the ease within the principles stated in the above provision of the code, and that, in accordance with that theory, evidence was admitted without- objection, showing the circumstances of aggravation under which the property was taken. In such a ease, the objection now made comes too late, and the complaint must be held sufficient to sustain the judgment.
2. The circumstances of the taking, as the evidence tended to disclose, were in substance these: The defendants, who were in the raisin packing business in the city of Fresno, held a chattel mortgage, in the name of one of the firm, upon the plaintiff’s crop of raisins for the season of 1894. In November of that year they sent one Tripp to plaintiff’s place to find if he had delivered to them all the raisins included in their mortgage, which covered the product of plaintiff’s own vines. Tripp found the lot of raisins in controversy packed in sweat boxes on plaintiff’s premises, and at once demanded of the latter that he deliver them at defendants’ warehouse. He was informed by plaintiff that the raisins were not covered by the mortgage, but were a lot plaintiff had purchased from one Sanborn. Tripp insisted upon the delivery of the grapes to defendants, and, upon plaintiff’s refusal to comply with his demand, went to Fresno, procured a dray and two men, and returning to plaintiff’s place directed his men to load the raisins and deliver them to defendants. Plaintiff undertook tó prevent this, when Tripp, representing that one of his assistants was a deputy sheriff, and that they intended taking the raisins at all events, forcibly seized plaintiff and held him while the raisins were loaded and carted away to defendants’ warehouse. In the struggle plaintiff was thrown down and somewhat bruised and injured.
Defendants knew on the day of the taking that Tripp had had trouble in getting the raisins, and that he was arrested for the assault on plaintiff and subsequently paid a fine; and plaintiff on that day or the next went to defendants and informed them of *220the acts 'committed hy Tripp, and also that the raisins were not covered by the mortgage, and demanded their return.- The ■demand was refused, and this action was brought.
■ It is not denied that the manner of the taking waa exceedingly stronghanded and outrageous, nor that if defendants were responsible for the acts of Tripp they wonld be liable in punitive damages; but defendants contend that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the implied finding of the jury that they authorized the malicious or violent acts of their agent in the premises. 'This contention is wholly untenable. It is not necessary to inquire whether the evidence was sufficient to justify an inference that the course pursued by Tripp was in pursuance of previous directions or authorization by defendants, since the evidence, while somewhat conflicting, clearly warranted the jury in finding that, with a full knowledge of all the circumstances attending the seizure of the raisins, they adopted and ratified the acts of Tripp by retaining and accepting the fruits thereof. Ratification under such crcumstances is equivalent to express precedent ■authority.
3. There is complaint of error in the giving and refusing of instructions, but we discover none. Reading the instructions as a whole, they fully and fairly presented the law to the jury, and left no room for misapprehension on the part of the latter.
We find no error in the record, and the judgment and order are affirmed.
Harrison, J., Henshaw, J., Temple, J., McFarland, J., and Haroutte, J., concurred.