The plaintiff and the defendant Bernhard Isaacs formed a partnership in the town of lone, in 1873, for business purposes, and continued to conduct business under their partnership relation until some time in 1895, when the defendant Bernhard became legally incompetent of contracting and by •an order and judgment of the superior court of Amador county was adjudged to be an incompetent person and unfit to manage his property; and the defendant Morris Jones was appointed the .guardian of his estate, and letters of guardianship were duly issued to him. Plaintiff thereupon determined upon a dissolution of the partnership, and has brought the present action to wind up it affairs, including an accounting and determination of the respective.rights of the parties hereto, and such distribution of the proceeds of the partnership property as may be proper and just. The complaint alleges also that it is necessary that a receiver of the partnership property be appointed “to take charge thereof, and to collect the demands due to said partnership, and to pay off the claims against the same, and deliver to the parties ■entitled their respective shares, after the same is determined by .an accounting and judgment of this court.” Upon the filing of the complaint and petition therefor a receiver was appointed. After the present action had been commenced, and after the appointment of the receiver, the Bank of Yolo commenced an action In the superior court of Yolo county, against the defendant Bern-hard Isaacs, upon a promissory note made to it by him in June, 1895, and caused a writ of attachment to be issued in said action, which was levied by the sheriff of Amador county upon certain real estate in said county, and under which garnishments were served upon the receiver and upon the plaintiff and the guardian ■of Bernhard. Thereafter the Bank of Yolo presented its petition *260to the superior court of Amador county for leave to intervene in the present action “as a creditor of the defendant Bernhard Isaacs, one member of said firm, and to appear therein for and in behalf of itself and said Isaacs, as against the other parties to the action, and for all other persons similarly situated.” In its petition it set forth that it had commenced the action against. Bernhard, and the proceedings under the writ of attachment issued therein, and avers that it has thereby acquired a lien upon all of said property' of the partnership, and upon the interest of said Bernhard in the real estate levied upon. It also stated that Bernhard is reasonably worth not less than fifty thousand dollars, and that the officers of the petitioner “have been informed” that he intended to defraud it out of said debt, and that “said hank verily believes” that he has entered into a conspiracy with the plaintiff to defeat the bank in the collection of the note-The petition also alleges that the application for the appointment of the guardian of Bernhard was insufficient to support the order, and that- the facts alleged in the petition for said appointment were not sufficient to give the court jurisdiction to make the order, and that since his appointment the guardian has not properly discharged his duties; and also that the order appointing a receiver was not authorized either by the facts alleged in the petition therefor, or the manner in which the appointment was sought, and that the person appointed is unsuitable for that office. Upon these averments the petitioner asked, in addition to being permitted to intervene, that the parties to the action show cause why the order appointing a receiver should not he revoked, and all property belonging to Bernhard, or in which bebas an interest, be delivered to the sheriff, and why the sheriff should not proceed to sell and dispose of it under his writ of attachment. A citation was issued to the parties to the action, and their demurrer to the petition was sustained by the court, and an order made denying the petition. From this order the-Bank of Yolo has appealed.
The right of the appellant to intervene in the action is not enlarged or diminished by the action of the court in appointing the receiver, or by his conduct after his appointment. The court had jurisdiction to appoint a receiver in the action, and what- . ever error it may have committed in making the appointment,. *261or in not controlling his conduct, may be corrected at the instance of the parties to the action, but it does not confer upon a ■stranger the right to intervene in the action, hieither is the action of the court in appointing a guardian for Bernhard Isaacs open to a collateral attack. The order therefor was made by a court of competent jurisdiction, and, in the absence of a direct •attack, will be presumed to have been correctly made.
Section 387 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides: "Any person may, before the trial, intervene in an action or proceeding who has an interest in the matter in litigation, in the success of ■either of the parties, or an interest against both. An intervention takes place when a third person is permitted to become a party to an action or proceeding between other persons, either by joining the plaintiff in claiming what is sought by the complaint, or by uniting with the defendant in resisting the claims of the plaintiff, or by demanding anything adversely to both the plaintiff •and the defendant.” There have been many decisions upon the right of intervention which is given by this section, but in none •of them has there been any attempt to define the right in any dearer terms than those of the section itself. Whether any particular case is within the terms of the premises is best determined by a consideration of the facts of that case; and the consideration of the effect of any particular construction to be given to a statute is of advantage in determining the construction to be given to it, and is frequently decisive of the question. To avail himself of the right given by this sectioh, the applicant must have either an interest in the matter in litigation, or in the success of one of the parties to the action, or an interest against both of them. The interest here referred to must be direct and not consequential, and it must be an interest which, is proper to be determined in the action in which the intervention is sought. In one sense, it may be said that a creditor of the plaintiff in an action for damages may have an interest in his recovering judgment against the defendant, since thereby he may be able to recover his own debt, but such interest will not give him the right to intervene in the action. The second sentence of the section above quoted itself defines the circumstances under which an intervention may be had, and is to that ■extent a limitation upon the terms used in the first sentence. The *262third person must have an interest in claiming what is sought, by the complaint, or in resisting the claim of the plaintiff, or must demand something which is involved in the litigation adversely to both of the parties.
The object of the present action is a distribution under tliedirection of the court of the assets of the partnership, including the determination of the amount thereof to which each partner will be entitled after the payment of all the partnership claims. Although the individual partners are entitled to the surplus according to their interests as the same shall be ascertained by the-court, a litigation in the action of disputed claims against the-individual partners is not appropriate. If every claim against each of the partners could be made the subject of a distinct, issue and determination in such an action, it is easily seen that, the litigation might be indefinitely prolonged. When the partnership affairs have been adjusted, the court should enter its judgment in accordance with such adjustment. Its authority to appoint a receiver vests upon its right to retain in its possession the property of the partnership until the rights of the several claimants thereto have been satisfied, and when this has been accomplished the receiver is to be discharged. The court, is not authorized to retain in its possession thereafter the property adjudged to belong to the individual partners, for distribution among their respective creditors, any more than it would have been authorized to appoint a receiver for that purpose in the first instance. So far as the rights of these creditors are-legal rights, they are to be enforced in the ordinary mode for-enforcing legal obligations. In the present case, the appellant alleges that it has secured its claim against Bernhard Isaacs by the lien of an attachment, and it appears from the record that the-court refused the motion of the plaintiff to dissolve the attachment. This lien of the appellant is upon the entire share of his-debtor in the surplus assets of the partnership, and such lien will be available to him when he shall have obtained a judgment-in the action in Yolo county. He has not yet established any claim against this surplus, and, as it is possible that he may not obtain a judgment in that action until long after the partnership-affairs shall have been adjusted in the present action, it would be unjust to permit an intervention here, the only effect of *263which, would he to tie up the property until the determination of the suit in Yolo county. If he shall obtain judgment in that action prior to the entry of judgment herein, a sale under that judgment of the interest of Bernhard Isaacs in the real estate upon which his attachment has been levied, as well as in the partnership property, will make the purchaser its owner and entitled to receive from the court whatever may be found to belong to Bernhard. If, as is alleged, Bernhard Isaacs has made fraudulent mortgages upon the attached property, that is a question to be determined when the appellant or some other purchaser shall become clothed with a title to the property; and, if the plaintiff herein is conspiring with Bernhard to defeat the appellant in the action in Yolo county, the resistance against such conspiracy must be made in the action in that county. Neither of these matters is properly a subject to be litigated in this action, and neither of them gives any ground for an intervention by the appellant.
The order is affirmed.
Van Fleet, J., and Garoutte, J., concurred.
Hearing in Bank denied.
Beatty, C. J., dissented from the order denying a hearing in Bank, and filed'the following opinion thereon on July 23, 1898: