Action to quiet title. Judgment for plaintiff. Motion for new trial denied. This appeal is from the judgment and order. On July 24, 1893, and prior thereto, one L. Frank Ciar was the owner and seised in fee of the lands in controversy; and was then in insolvent circumstances and owed, among others, one Adolph Sommer the sum of four thousand eight hundred dollars, besides interest. On said date the said L. Frank Ciar made a bargain and sale deed of said lands to his brother, Leo II. Ciar. On September 11, 1893, said Sommer assigned the indebtedness so due him from L. Frank Ciar to defendant Leggett, and on September 21, 1893, Leggett commenced an action in the proper court against said L. Frank Ciar and had a writ of attachment issue, which said writ was levied upon the said lands September 22, 1893. On the following day, September 23d, the deed made by said L. Frank Ciar to his brother, Leo H., was placed on record in the county where the lands are situated. October 15, 1894, said Leo H. Ciar made a quitclaim deed of said lands to plaintiff, and on the 25th of the same month said Leggett recovered judgment against said L. Frank Ciar. On December 17, 1894, the defendant Leggett purchased the said premises at execution sale under his said judgment, the same having been sold as the property of said L. Frank Ciar. The defendants, other than Leggett, made default. Leggett, by his answer and cross-complaint, denied the execution, delivery, and consideration of the deed from L. Frank Ciar to Leo H. Ciar and of the deed from Leo H. Ciar to plaintiff, and asked the court to set aside the *669said deeds, upon the ground that they were fraudulent, made without consideration, and that the lands were held in secret trust by plaintiff for said L. Frank Ciar. The plaintiff denied the averments of the cross-complaint, and upon the issues so made the case went to trial. The court found in favor of plaintiff upon the material issues, and the main contention of the defendant is the insufficiency of the evidence to justify these findings. The court found that the deed made by L. Frank Ciar to his brother Leo was made for a valuable consideration, to wit, in consideration of an indebtedness due from said L. Frank Ciar to his said brother, amounting to about $4,237.87. As this finding is the most vital one, and the one most earnestly attacked, we will first examine it. L. Frank Ciar testified that his father, before his death, left $670 in a sack for his brother Leo H., who was then a mere boy, and that the father, among his last requests, asked him to take care of it and keep it for Leo. That his father deeded him a lot in San Francisco about the year 1880 for himself and his brother Leo. That this property was sold for $5,000, and of this sum one-half of it belonged to Leo. That $2,000 of the amount realized from the sale of the real estate and the $670, and $680 due for wages, amounted, with interest, on July 24, 1893, to $4,600 or $4,700. That the money after the sale of the lot was placed in Leo’s hands, or, rather, $2,000 of it, together with the $670 and $500 that witness had from other sources. That Leo gave witness permission to use this money, and that witness did use it in his own business, and was thus indebted to his brother Leo on the twenty-fourth day of July, 1893, in a sum exceeding $4,600. Leo H. Ciar testified that he went with his older brother, L. Frank, to the safe deposit vault, and the money was placed in his hands, and he gave his brother L. Frank permission to use it in his own business. Ivan Ciar, another brother, testified to seeing and counting the $670 tied up in a sack in the vault of the safe deposit company with a tag on it bearing his brother Leo’s name. It further was testified by the brothers, Leo and Frank, that after Leo attained his majority he worked for Frank for seventeen months, and that such services were worth $40 per month, amounting to $680, and that Leo had never been paid. There is other testimony, but the above is sufficient to support *670the finding as to consideration. The brothers, who were witnesses for each other, do not agree as to all the facts, and there is a certain degree of improbability about much of the evidence that leaves it to our minds unsatisfactory. If we had to pass upon it in the first instance we are not at all certain that we would find as did the judge of the court below. But the evidence is not contradicted nor impeached except by its own weakness, and the judge of the court below has found it true. As he saw and heard the witnesses, he was more capable of judging of the credit to he given to their testimony than we could possibly be by examining the record. As we understand the rule, we have not the power to disturb a finding of fact if there is substantial evidence to support it. Unlike the court below, when trying the cause without a jury, we possess none of the functions of the jury, and therefore cannot substitute our opinion in the place of his and say which testimony is true and which is false. (Lick v. Madden, 36 Cal. 212.)
It is further claimed that the evidence is insufficient to support the finding that the deed made to Leo H. Ciar was delivered. The witness Butts testified that at the request of and as agent of Leo he prepared the deed and sent it to L. Frank Ciar at Boston, to be executed and returned to him. That the deed was executed and returned to witness, and that he received it and took possession of it for Leo. The witness Leo H. Ciar says that he employed Butts as his attorney to get the deed for him. We think the evidence (which is not contradicted) amply sufficient to support the finding. The deed having been made for a valuable consideration and delivered to the grantee, the law presumes that the grantee rightfully acquired the title to the property. The burden was therefore upon the defendant, after such consideration and delivery is established, to prove a fraudulent intent on the part of the grantor, and that the grantee was in some way a party to such fraud by purchasing with knowledge of such fraudulent intent or under such circumstances as should put him on inquiry as to the fraud on the part of the grantor. (Jones v. Simpson, 116 U. S. 614; Ross v. Wellman, 102 Cal. 4.) The court found that at the time of the making of the conveyance from L. Frank Clar to Leo EL, that Leo was not privy to or a participator in any fraud whatsoever, *671and that Leo never conspired with his brother nor anyone else in any fraudulent attempt to convey or dispose of said property. This finding does not appear to he directly attacked in appellant’s brief, but the argument against it is only from inference and a narration of circumstances. The burden was upon the defendant to show that Leo was in some way a party to the fraud and that the deed was not taken by him in good faith. In the absence of proof—that is, in the absence of such facts and circumstances—that the court would he justified in the conclusion that Leo was in some way connected with or a party to a fraudulent intent on the part of Frank H., the finding would be justified.
As was said by this court in Levy v. Scott, 115 Cal. 41: “It is quite true that evidences of fraud are not left lying patent in the sunlight; that fraud itself is always concealed, and that the truth is to be discovered more often from circumstances, from the interests of the parties, from the irregularities of the transaction, coupled with injury worked to an innocent party, than from direct and primary evidence of the fraudulent contrivance itself, nevertheless, the evidence of these matters, facts, and circumstances, taken together, must amount to proof of fraud, and not to a mere suspicion thereof, for the presumption of the law, except where confidential relations are involved, is always in favor of the fair dealing of the parties.”
If we are correct in what has been said, the finding as to the intent of L. Frank Ciar in making the deed to his brother Leo is not material, and it is not necessary to discuss it. It is claimed that the finding that the deed from Leo H. Ciar to plaintiff was for a valuable consideration was outside the issues, contrary to the admissions in the pleadings, and that the said deed was in fact a mortgage given as security only. The technical argument is urged that the plaintiff, in denying the cross-complaint, literally denied “that the deed was wholly voluntary and without any consideration whatever,” and that such denial was virtually an admission of the allegation of the cross-complaint as to want of consideration. If counsel had urged the objection in the court below, it would probably have resulted in an amendment to the answer to the cross-complaint in furtherance of justice, and in order that the ease might he tried *672upon its merits. This course was not pursued, and the ease was fully tried as though the issue was properly made by the pleadings. Counsel will not be allowed to try the case upon the theory that the issue was properly before the court below, and thus entice his adversary into a trap to be sprung in this court at the last moment. This court does not countenance technical objections to pleadings when the case was tried in the court below upon the theory that the issues were properly made. (Cushing v. Pires, 124 Cal. 663.) We do not think the defendant is in a position to claim that the deed from Leo H. Ciar to plaintiff was not made in good faith, or that it was intended as a mortgage. He is not a creditor of Leo H. Ciar, nor of the plaintiff, and, if the deed was a gift, it would not in the least concern the defendant. The deed to Leo H. Ciar having been made in good faith and for a valuable consideration, he could afterward transfer the title acquired by the deed to anyone, whether such person was a purchaser in good faith or not. A purchaser without notice of the fraud may sell the property to a person who has notice, for the law does not know of an unencumbered estate which is forfeited by alienation, or for which the owner cannot pass a good title to the purchaser. (Bump on Fraudulent Conveyance, sec. 499, and eases cited.)
Considerable space is taken up in appellants’ brief in the attempt to show that the finding that plaintiff was in possession of the lands at the time of the commencement of the action is not supported by the evidence. The evidence is sufficient, but the finding is wholly immaterial. The owner of land does not have to be in possession in order to enable him to maintain an action to quiet title. (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 738; People v. Center, 66 Cal. 555; Brusie v. Gates, 80 Cal. 463.) Many technical objections are made to the rulings upon the admission or rejection of evidence. The first one argued is the ruling of the court in sustaining plaintiff’s objection to the defendants’ question asked of the witness Leo H. Ciar, to wit: “What statement did you make to Mr. Butts at the time you told him to get the deed? How did you tell him? Did you give him any instructions about getting it?”
The court sustained the objection upon the ground that the *673question “had already been answered and gone over.” We think the ruling is not prejudicial error. The witness had been fully examined and cross-examined and then re-examined and recross-examined, and again re-examined and recross-examined, and this question was asked at the latter end of the third cross-examination and had been substantially gone over before. The witness was again called by defendant and examined and cross-examined some three or four times. The next objection is to a large number of questions asked by plaintiff’s counsel, upon the ground that they are leading and suggestive. It is the settled rule in this state that the allowance of leading questions is in the discretion of the trial court, and that a case will not be reversed on such ground unless there is a manifest abuse of such discretion. (White v. White, 82 Cal. 452; Kyle v. Craig, 125 Cal. 107.) A Miss Burnett testified by deposition, and it appeared that she wrote a letter to L. Frank Ciar prior to the time the deed was made by Frank to Leo. The letter was written by Miss Burnett to Frank and not to Leo or any party now interested in this case. It appears that Miss Burnett knew that Frank was indebted to Sommer, and she was afraid that Sommer might attach his property or cause him trouble. She advised Frank to deed his property to her until he could settle with Sommer, and then she would reconvey it. The court excluded the portion of Miss Burnett’s letter relating to or rather advising such conveyance, and we think the ruling correct. The advice was never acted upon, and in fact Frank refused to so deed his property, and told Miss Burnett that he would not do it as it would not be honest. It would be contrary to all rules of evidence to allow a written suggestion of a stranger to the litigation to which no one of the parties or their privies consented to be admitted in evidence. The case quoted by counsel—People v. Colburn, 105 Cal. 651—is directly against him. It is said in the opinion: “The letter was a statement of a third party in nowise connected with defendant, and was not made under the sanction of an oath, and not admissible. The possession of unanswered letters is not such evidence of acquiescence in their contents as to make them admissible in a civil case, and a letter found upon a prisoner when arrested has been held to be no evidence of the facts stated in it.”
*674If the proof had shown that L. Frank Ciar acted upon the advice given in the letter, or that he requested it or in any way agreed to • it, then it would be admissible for the purpose of showing his fraudulent intent. His fraudulent intent, however, would not change the result of the finding that the deed was made to Leo H. in good faith and for a valuable consideration. We think the testimony tending to show a gift of $2,000,from L. Frank Ciar to his brother Leo was within the issues made by the pleadings. The cross-complaint alleged that the deed to Leo was without consideration. The answer to the cross-complaint denied this. If L. Frank Ciar, at the time when he was not indebted, made a gift of $2,000 to his brother, he had the right to do so. If he afterward borrowed it, the payment of the debt would be a good consideration for the deed. As has been said before, the truth or falsity of the evidence was left to the trial judge and is not for this court.
We advise that the judgment and order be affirmed.
Gray, C., and Chipman, C., concurred.
For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment and order are affirmed.
McFarland, J., Henshaw, J., Temple, J.
Hearing in Bank denied.