The case does not disclose all the circumstances which it is material to know in order to form a satisfactory opinion upon the main question involved in the defendant’s exceptions. All we know is, that Warner & Co. ordered the goods on December 29, 1859, and on Janúary 4 thereafter, executed a carefully prepared assignment, containing forty-three folios; and that all the parties, residing at different places, were got together the same day to execute' it; that they stopped payment on that day, and acknowledged themselves to be insolvent.
Several other facts were proved, but not of a decisive char*473acter. The fact that Warner & Co. drew checks on the 3rd to pay a considerable amount of indebtedness; that they overdrew their bank account on the 4th, and stopped payment on that day, because they had just learned that their drafts on Bierce, of Uew York, for five thousand dollars or six thousand dollars, had not been honored, are of no particular importance, and furnish no satisfactory evidence that they did not suppose themselves insolvent prior to that time, and contemplated making an assignment. It would have been a fact of great, and perhaps decisive, importance, if they had been able to show that they had funds in the hands of Bierce, which gave them a right to expect payment of their drafts, by the aid of which they could have avoided a suspension of payments. It may be a question of difficulty to determine whether it was the duty of the plaintiff or defendant to obtain this information from the witness. I do not see why the fact was not proved one way or the other. I think, however, it is the misfortune of the defendant, for it was for him to show the reasons which justified the failure of the firm on that day—reasons that did not exist on December 29, when they ordered the goods. Uothing appears to have occurred between December 29 and January 4, to change the pecuniary responsibility of the firm, except the dishonor of the Bierce drafts ¿ and yet, we have no knowledge that the firm had funds in his hands, or that they expected the drafts to be paid when they were drawn.
In my opinion, it was for the defendants to account for the failure of the firm of Warner & Co., and to show that it was consistent with an honest intention to pay for the goods in question when they purchased them. If we lay these (Bierce’s) drafts out of the case (which are not explained in the evidence), there is nothing else which even tends to prove that the firm of Warner & Co. were not hopelessly insolvent on December 29. It may be said that Warner did not know it when he ordered the goods of the plaintiff; but I am of opinion that knowledge may be presumed in such a case. Every man may be presumed to have some general knowledge of his pecuniary condition. If unforeseen circumstances arise, which change his situation, he is the proper party to explain them. In the absence of satisfactory explanations, it is not a violent pre*474sumption to infer that a man who stops payment to-day, because he is hopelessly insolvent, must have known and contemplated it six days before.
I .am also of opinion that it was proper to prove the usage or course of dealings between the parties. It shows that the plaintiff had a right to place some confidence in the pecuniary responsibility of Warner & Co. Whether the plaintiff contemplated giving a short credit, or whether, by the former course of dealings, he had a right to expect payment on delivery of the goods, does not seem to me to be at all material. In either case the question of fraud would depend upon the intention of the defendant’s assignors; whether, knowing their insolvency, they purchased the property with the preconceived design of not paying for it.
I do not understand that the question objected to called for the general usage of business between other parties; and as far as it related to the former transactions between these parties, I think the evidence was unobjectionable. If if did not prove that a cash sale was intended, it tended to prove that a short credit only was within the contemplation of the parties. Looking at their former dealings, I think Warner & Co. understood that the plaintiff would deliver the goods without exacting payment on delivery; and their offer to accept a draft at one day’s sight, or to send him the fnnds the first of the next week, was well calculated to put the plaintiff at ease and enable Warner & Co. to complete their arrangements to make a general assignment, if such a thing was then in contemplation. It will be seen that the judge left it as a question of fact for the jury to decide, whether Warner & Co., knowing of their insolvency, made the purchase with a preconceived design of not paying for the property. This, I think, was correct as a legal proposition; but-the question remains, whether there was sufficient prima facie evidence of fraud to authorize its submission to the jury. It was claimed by the defendant’s counsel that a design of this character may exist without fraud, and hence he requested the j udge to charge the jury, that, if such a design was manifested by no fraudulent acts, words or declaration, it would not avoid the sale. The judge, however, instead of denying the proposition in the abstract, informed *475the jury that they were to consider the question in connection with all the facts and evidence in the case.
I am of the opinion that the judge was not called upon either to affirm or deny the defendant’s proposition. It was mere theory and speculation, without any practical value when addressed to the jury. Unless the evidence furnished grounds for presuming fraud, it was the duty of the judge to have non-suited the plaintiff. And this brings us back to the only question involved in the exceptions, and that is, whether there was sufficient evidence to authorize its submission to the jury, from, which they would have a right to infer fraud on the part of Warner & Co. in the purchase of these goods.
1. Was there any evidence that they knew they were insolvent and unable to pay for the goods when they ordered them ? I have already stated, that, in the absence of any satisfactory explanation of their failure on January 4, 1860, the jury had a right to presume that they were insolvent six days before, and that they must have known it.
2. Was there evidence tending to show that Warner & Co. did not intend to pay for the goods when they purchased them ? This is doubtless the most difficult question to answer, and yet I think it was a question for the jury to decide under the circumstances of this case.
' It cannot be said with propriety that a man who is insolvent, and expects'to be obliged to stop payment and to make an assignment within a few days, believes that he can pay for a large bill of goods which he has just ordered, and upon which he expects to obtain a short credit. Indeed he has no fight to order a bill of goods under such circumstances without disclosing bis pecuniary condition.
Here it appeared that the firm of Warner & Co. had dealt with the plaintiff for four years or more, paying him promptly for goods ordered in the same way these were ordered. Just on the eve of stopping payment, on account of actual insolvency, they send another order, knowing or having reason to believe that they would not be able to pay for them. But, says the counsel, this is not so, for the firm stopped payment because their drafts on Bierce of New York were dishonored, which they did not know of on January 4. True, that is the *476reason given by one of the members. Were the jury bound to believe this, without any evidence that the firm had funds in Bierce’s hands ? No reason is stated why Bierce dishonored their drafts. If he owed the firm that amount and had failed, it might satisfactorily account for the subsequent failure of Warner & Co. In the absence of any explanation to account for the dishonor of the drafts drawn by Warner & Co. on Bierce, the jury had a right, I think, to regard the reason given by Warner & Co. for their own failure as a mere pretext. It is said, however, that fraud must be proved and cannot be presumed. But it may be inferred from competent evidence; and, in the absence of a satisfactory explanation of the failure of Warner & Co. on Jan. 4, 1860,1 think there was competent evidence that they were insolvent on Dec. 29, 1859, and that they knew it; and, under such circumstances, they had no right to order goods without any expectation of being able to pay for them at a future day. It is not enough to say that it was perhaps uncertain what day they would be obliged to stop payment. If they were insolvent and might be forced to stop any day, they cannot be permitted to say that they designed in good faith to pay for a large bill of goods ordered by them on December 29, and upon which they expected a short credit of three or four days at least, according to the usual course of dealings between the parties. They could not be indifferent in such a case, but the law will attribute to them a design not to pay unless they can show that they expected to be able to pay, and such expectation must be founded upon data which will satisfy the jury that it was honestly entertained.
3. It will not be necessary to refer to the authorities to show that the charge of the judge was a correct exposition of the law applicable to this class of cases. No doubt can be entertained upon this point. It is supposed, however, by the defendant’s counsel, that, by the decisions of this court, an insolvent debtor may purchase goods without being guilty of fraud, if the vendor does not think proper to inquire into his circumstances; and that a mere omission of the insolvent debtor to disclose his insolvency is not evidence of fraud, which will operate to avoid the contract of sale. I am aware that such a doctrine has been enunciated in two or three cases; but on referring to the cases *477themselves, it will be seen that it rests upon a very narrow foundation. In Nichols v. Pinner, 18 JSF.Y. 295, it was decided that the judge erred in refusing to instruct the jury that a merchant who is perhaps insolvent in April, may make an honest purchase of goods with the expectation of .paying for them, although, contrary to his expectation, he is compelled to stop four months afterward. But, as was said by Denio, J., in Brown v. Montgomery, 20 N. Y. 287, 293, “ it does not countenance the position that a dealer who has been of known standing, but has suddenly failed in business, can go to. those who were acquainted with his former character, but who have not heard of his failure, and innocently purch ase their property on credi t.” So when it is shown that the insolvent purchaser made the purchase just on the eve of suspension and assignment, this fact alone, in the absence of explanatory proof, is sufficient to carry the case to the jury. Hennequin v. Naylor, 24 N. Y. 129, 139.
The question is, whether the purchaser made the purchase with a preconceived design not to pay for the goods. This is certainly the correct rule as between parties who have had former dealings together. Authorities are not wanting which hold that if the purchaser in such a case conceals the fact of his insolvency from the vendor, it is ,a fraud, and the property is not changed in the hands of the vendee. Durell v. Haley, 1 Paige, 492. If the purchaser knows himself to be insolvent, and has no reasonable expectation of paying for the goods, it is sufficient evidence of fraud to avoid the sale. Powell v. Bradlee, 9 Gill 3 Johns. 220; Pars. on Contr. 270, note w.
Every case must however depend in a great degree upon its own peculiar circumstances, and it is impossible to lay down strict rules which can be relied upon to solve future questions. .In Nichols v. Pinner, the circumstances showed that Pinner made the purchase with an honest expectation of paying for the goods and retrieving his business. In Hennequin v. Naylor, there was no reason for any such expectation.
As a general rule, it must be left to the jury to say whether the purchaser, in such cases, honestly believed that he could pay for the goods. If he does not believe it, and purchases without disclosing his insolvency, I understand it is for the jury to determine whether the concealment was fraudulent or not.
*478Good faith towards those who have dealt with the purchaser upon the faith of his former good standing requires him to disclose his changed circumstances, if they are such as to justify a belief that he will be obliged to stop payment.
The true test is, not whether the vendee in such-a case omitted to disclose his circumstances, but whether he honestly intended to pay for the goods at the time of the purchase. This is one question.
Another is, whether the vendee in such case was guilty of a fraudulent concealment, which is perhaps the same question in another form. If the purchaser does not intend to pay for the goods in such a case, his omission to disclose his insolvency would, I think, be evidence from which the jury must find a fraudulent concealment.v But an embarrassed merchant may expect to retrieve his position, and may purchase goods with an honest intention to pay for them, founded upon reasonable expectations. In the latter case, it seems his omission to disclose his circumstances would not be fraudulent unless coupled with some deceit or artifice calculated to mislead the vendor, and throw him off his guard. This is all that was decided in Nichols v. Pinner; and it will be seen that it does not aid the defendant in the case at bar, where the purchase was made without any expectation on the part of Warner & Co. of being able to pay, so far as the evidence discloses their situation. Their failure and assignment within six days after their purchase, without any satisfactory explanation, was evidence to be submitted to the jury, from which an inference could be fairly drawn, that at the time of the purchase they had no reasonable expectation of being able to pay the plaintiff for the goods when called upon for that purpose. And if they had no reason to believe that they would be in a condition to pay for the goods when payment was called for, or afterward, the jury may infer that they intended to cheat and defraud the plaintiff out of the same.
The judgment should be affirmed.
Peckham, J.The law of this case is settled, in my judgment, in Hennequin v. Naylor, 24 N. Y. 129, 139, if it were left doubtful by the case of Nichols v. Pinner, 18 Id. 295, and *47923 Id. 264. The decision of the judge, in refusing the nonsuit, and his charge, are fully sustained by that case.
There is no principle that will sanction a fraud in the purchase of goods, although the fraudulent purchaser was enabled to contract for and obtain possession of them without any false statement to the vendor.
To my mind there seems to be an absurdity in holding that such false statement is the only evidence that can establish the fraud. That is the simple principle upon which alone such a decision can be based, and there is no such principle in the law.
To establish such a fraud a party is no more confined to any particular kind or character of evidence than he is in any other case. He must prove the fraud to the satisfaction of the jury, by any competent evidence, and if he fail to make out a case sufficient *to go to the jury, without evidence of false representation at the time of the purchase, then he must give that evidence or be nonsuited. 0
To avoid the sale as fraudulent the jury must be satisfied, by the proof, that the purchaser intended, by the purchase, to defraud the vendor; that he never intended to pay for the goods. That proof will differ necesarily in practice as much as the conduct of men varies. To hold that affirmative misrepresentation is indispensable to avoid a sale is to declare that that is the only mode in which a fraudulent purchase can be made, that all others are honest and legal.
Take a case: A country merchant has traded in the city for many years, and by his uniform and prompt payments established a high credit. His city friends, after such experience, no more think of inquiring as to Ms pecuniary condition than they would of inquiring of their bank whether it would pay their checks when their account was good. Yet this merchant has been gradually running behind for a year or two. Finally, he decides to fail, and make money in that way; a large judgment is confessed or recovered; he tells the sheriff he has not sufficient assets then, but will have soon from New York; goes to New York and buys largely on his old credit, but affirmatively states no falsehoods; the goods are sent home and immediately levied upon, and he fails as he intended. Were these purchases *480fair and legal ? Did the sheriff get any title by his levy ? Very clearly not, as I think we all agree.
In principle that does not differ from the case at bar.
Why did these purchasers stop payment, fail and assign ? There is no pretense, in the evidence, that they had lost a dollar unexpectedly or otherwise; a house in New York had not honored their drafts for five or six thousand dollars; the house had not failed; these purchasers had kit nothing by them, so far as the evidence shows. They overdrew their bank account on the same day they made the assignment.
From its great length and the care with which it is stated to have been drawn, they must have been actually engaged in making their assignment at the time they overdrew their bank account. Instead of proving their credit, this simple fact unexplained proved another fraud committed, with ' confessed knowledge of their condition.
It is not necessary to refer more especially to the testimony; enough was shown, in our judgment, to make a case for the jury, and the charge was unobjectionable. The judgment should be affirmed.
All the judges concurred, except Porter, J., not voting.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.