By the Court.
Weight, J.The plaintiff was sworn as a witness in her own behalf; the defendant objecting to her examination, as the case states, on the ground that the action being under the sheriff’s claim against her husband, it was substantially against him, and she could not be examined because her husband was so far interested in the case. The point of the objection is not clear, but if it has any meaning it is this, that the sheriff having taken and sold property under an execution against the plaintiff’s husband, an action to test the title to such property is one substantially against him, and in which he is interested, and the law forbids husband and wife to testify either for or against each other. Regarding this as the sub.stance of the objection there is no force in it.
The rule of the common law did not prohibit husband and wife from testifying in a civil action, unless one or the other, or both, were parties, or directly interested in the subject of the action. Here the husband was not a party, nor had he any such interest as would have disqualified the wife by strict com*550mon law rules. -The action was in no proper sense against him. He made no claim, to the property taken and sold by the defendant, and had no interest in the litigation, unless, indeed, to have his debts paid from property to which he laid no claim. There was no conflict of interest between husband and wife ; the latter claiming' the property as her own, and the former not disputing or gainsaying her rights to it.
But had the husband been a party to the action, having any interest in the result, the plaintiff’s competency would not have been affected.
•The code provides that a party to an action, &c., “may be examined as a witness in his own behalf, or in behalf of any other party, in the same manner, and subject to the same rules of examination as any other witnesses,” except “that neither husband nor wife shall be required to disclose any communication made by one to the other.” Code of Pro. § 399, as amended in 1860; L. 1860, p. 787, ch. 459. The letter of the statute certainly extends to married persons when they are parties, not having conflicting interests; and the exception is a plain indication of the legislative intention to change or modify the common law rule as to the admissibility of husband and wife as witnesses. The reason of the latter rule for not admitting husband ■ and wife as witnesses for each other was because of an identity of interest; nor were they admitted against each other, because this was deemed contrary to the legal policy of marriage. Husband and wife, says Blackstoate, “ are not allowed1 to be evidence for or .against each other, partly because it is impossible that their testimony should be indifferent, but principally because of the union of persons, and, therefore, if they were admitted to be witnesses for each other, they would contradict our maxim of law, no' one shall be a witness in his own cause; and if against each other, they would contradict another maxim, no one is obliged to convict himself.” 1 Blacks. Com. 443. “ If they ” (husband and wife)* says Baron Gilbert, in his work on evidence, (page 553,) “ swear for each other, they are not believed, because their interests are absolutely the same, and, therefore, they can give no more credit when they attest for each other, than when a man attests for himself, and it would be very hard if a wife *551should he allowed as evidence against her husband, when she can not attest for him. Such a law would occasion implacable quarrels and divisions, and destroy the very legal policy of marriage.” But of late years, in this State, material and radical changes have been made in the law of husband and wife, and in the law of evidence, and the competency and admissibility of witnesses, undermining in a great degree the uses of, and practically abrogating the common law rule.
The wife has been admitted to separate rights of property, and to separate rights of action, even as against the husband himself. Interest in the event of the action is no longer a ■ground for excluding a witness, and the parties themselves may be witnesses in their own behalf, or witnesses in their own cause. Parties, with certain exceptions, are placed upon the same footing and subject to the same rules of examination as any other witnesses. There is no longer any reason for excluding husband and wife as witnesses for or against each other on the ground of interest; for as parties to an action they may be witnesses for themselves; and it was this ground of union of interest and privilege between husband and wife that mainly gave rise to the common law rule, excluding them from testifying for or against each other. Be. this, however, as it may, the tendency and effect of legislation has been to abrogate the common law distinctions growing out-of the marital relation in respect to the competency of witnesses; whether husband or wife are parties to, or interested in an action, they may be examined in the same manner, and subject to the same rules of examination, as any other witness, except that they shall not be required to disclose any confidential communication made to each other during marriage. If husband and wife are parties to an action, the statute in terms makes them competent witnesses in their own behalf, or in behalf of any. other party, and subjects them to the same rules of examination as other witnesses, except protecting either from a disclosure of communications made by one to the other. The exception is strongly indicative of the legislative intention to render husband and wife, when parties, competent to testify as to all matters, other than communications made by the husband to the wife, or the wife to the husband.
*552In the present case the action was brought by the wife for Conversion of her separate property. As the plaintiff, she could testify on her own behalf, and had the controversy been between her husband and a third person in respect to the property, I entertain no doubt that she would have been a competent witness to show title in herself, and out of her husband, unless such title came through the latter.
The property consisted of Brussels carpeting and oil paintings, and the testimony of the plaintiff, if credited, clearly established her title to it. Indeed, all the evidence as to ownership was on the part of the plaintiff and her own statement was materially corroborated by disinterested witnesses.
The defendant’s proof was mainly directed to an impeachment of the plaintiff and to lessening the value of the paintings. It appeared from her testimony in connection with the other witnesses that she was a native of Denmark, and lived with her parents until she was fourteen years of ago. She then went t.o live with her aunt in Sweden, who was wealthy, and she was with the latter some six or seven years. Her aunt left her sick at Hamburg, in Germany, and went to Paris, and after her recovery she came to this country. She brought with her one thousand dollars in gold, and nearly two thousand dollars worth of jewelry, given to her by her aunt, and also three paintings, “The Eing and the Queen of Denmark,” “ The Sacrifice ” and “ The Aurora. ” She was supported in the fact of having gold, costly jewelry and paintings when, in 1853, she embarked for this country, by a lady who knew her at Hamburg. On her arrival at New York she put up at the Hotel Constance, and the bookkeeper of the establishment testified to having1 seen in her possession some five hundred dollars or six hundred dollars in gold, and also much valuable jewelry. She was married in September, 1854, to W. Wehrkamp, who was a bookkeeper, and a person without means, and neither at the time of the marriage or since had been engaged in any business on his own account. Some three years after the marriage, the plaintiff, and her husband Avent to Europe, but were absent but a short time. Seven of the paintings taken by the sheriff were purchased by the plaintiff from an English artist after her marriage, with her own means, and fiAre small pieces *553she painted herself. She kept an account in her own name in the Bleecker-street Savings Bank from March, 1855, to March, 1857, and while the account was running the teller testified that she spoke to him of having paintings and jewelry which she desired to sell. In 1856 and 1857 she purchased the carpets in question from Doughty & Brother, who only knew her in the transaction. A short credit was given, and she paid for them with her own money. Of this carpeting there were over five hundred yards, worth at least one dollar per yard. It is true that the plaintiff and Wehrkamp were living together as husband and wife when the property was seized, but beyond this there was not a fact or circumstance in the case .tending to show ownership in him or to disprove the plaintiff’s ownership. Upon this proof it would have been error to have granted the motion to dismiss the complaint on the ground argued, viz: that there was not sufficient evidence that the property in question was the separate property of Mrs. Wehrkamp to entitle her to recover.
Many of the defendant’s exceptions occur in the cross-examination of the plaintiff. Several of them were palpably frivolous, requiring no notice, and were not insisted upon in the argument, nor are any, on which a point was made at bar, tenable. The fact to which our attention was directed arose in this way: The defendant’s counsel had got the witness to say that she recollected that a Mr. Carpenter had obtained a judgment against her husband. The question was then put to her, “Do you recollect asking Mr. Carpenter to loan that money— the money for which the judgment was obtained and the property taken?” This was objected to and excluded. Two or three other questions of a similar character followed, varying only in phraseology, which were also excluded. She was then inquired of, “ Did you at any time say to Mr. Carpenter, or in his presence, that the paintings and carpets belonged to you and your husband and they will pay the debt?” This was allowed and answered. There was no error here. The questions excluded assumed facts not proved. There was nothing in the case to show that the property was taken to satisfy a judgment obtained by Carpenter against Wehrkamp for borrowed money, Free from this objection, and when the inquiry *554Was put in form to throw light upon the issue whether she was the ownor of the property, it was allowed and answered.' The defendant’s counsel, however, was not satisfied, and persisted in the question, 1. “Did you tell Mr. Carpenter in November, 1857, that your husband was sick and wanted some money?” and, 2. “Do you recollect the fact of your husband borrowing money of Mr. Carpenter in November, 1857?” These were properly excluded. The fact of her husband borrowing money from Carpenter was wholly immaterial. At a subsequent stage of the trial the defendant’s counsel returned to this course of irrelevant examination, but with no better success.
The plaintiff testified that she at one time loaned some of her money to a Mr. Jacobi, a friend of her husband, who was then in New York; she did not know his Christian name. The defendant’s counsel then inquired, “ Will you ask your husband, who is here in court, what Jacobi’s first name was, and where he lived, so that I may ascertain who he is and where he lives? The court, on objection, excluded the question, arresting the colloquy with the witness, and the defendant, excepted. This was plainly right. It would have' been the duty of the court in the orderly conduct ot the trial, irrespective of any formal objection, to have arrested such a course of examination. It was manifestly trifling with the dignity and wasting the time of the court by impertinent and irrelevant inquiries; unprofessional conduct of counsel.
It seems that the action had been once tried and the plaintiff had obtained a verdict. A new trial was granted, as it was alleged by the defendant’s counsel, on'the ground of newly discovered evidence. The plaintiff stated, on her cross-examination, on the present trial that she did not know the ground on which the new trial was granted, and that she did not recollect of testifying on the first trial that she obtained credit from Doughty for one bill of carpeting, because she had money in the savings bank, but if she so testified she misunderstood the question. At the close of the defendant’s case his counsel offered to read the affidavits on which the motion for the new trial was made, and in connection therewith, to prove that they were served on the plaintiff’s attorney, and that no affidavits *555were read on her part to contradict them, with the view, as was stated, of showing, first, that the plaintiff 'swore falsely in stating that she was ignorant of the ground on which a new trial was granted, and second, that the new trial was moved for on the express ground that she had on the first trial sworn that she got credit from Doughty on one bill of carpeting, because she had money in the savings bank, when the newly discovered evidence showed that she had no money there;, and to argue to the jury from thence, that her statement, that she knows nothing of all this, and that she did not testify on the former trial as alleged, or if she did, she misunderstood the question, was a mere pretense.
Of course, the affidavits used on the part of the defendant in a collateral proceeding, were excluded, and properly so. If it were at all material or important to contradict the statement of the witness that she did not know on what ground the new trial was granted, it could not be done in this way, nor was the testimony permissible to enable the counsel, as was averred upon it, to hinge an address to the jury against the witness’ credibility. The probabilities are, that being a foreigner, having an imperfect knowledge of our language or of the form and course of legal proceedings, she testified truly that she was ignorant of the ground on which the motion for a new trial was granted; but whether so or not, or if at all material, her testimony in this respect could not be falsified by showing that the affidavits of the defendant on the motion, alleged a certain ground, and no affidavits were read on the part of the plaintiff in contradiction of them; nor if it had been important to show that on the first trial she testified that she obtained credit for the bill of carpeting, bought in May, 1857, because she had money in the savings bank, when in fact she had not, could it be shown by the affidavits of the defendants prepared for, and used on a collateral motion. The avowed purpose, however, of the offered testimony was not to show that the witness had testified untruly, as to her knowledge of the ground on which a new trial was obtained, or in. respect to any material fact cn ■ the first trial, but to enable counsel to argue to the jury, that her statement that she knew hot why the new trial was granted, or that she did not recollect of testifying on the former occa*556sion, that she was credited for a bill of carpeting, in May, 1857, because she had money in the savings bank, or if she so testified she misunderstood the inquiry, was a mere pretense. This was certainly a novel attempt to get before the jury impertinent and irrelevant testimony on which to base an assault upon the witness’ credibility.
The defendant' offered no proof on the question of ownership of the property, but the main effort seems to have been to impeach the character and credit of the plaintiff. In this his counsel was indulged by the court in a wide latitude of examination, but apparently with indifferent success. None of her statements were shown to be untrue. Her reputation for truth, or her moral standing for eight years that she had resided in the city of New York, was not questioned. Two witnesses were produced who testified to having known her and her parents in Denmark; one of whom stated that, prior to 1850, she was a prostitute in Copenhagen, and the other that he had danced with her many years ago in her native place at public balls and masquerades; that her general character or reputation then was bad, and that from what he had heard and known of it in Copenhagen, he would not believe her under oath. The first of these witnesses was not interrogated as to her general moral character in her native place, or in Copenhagen, but was allowed, without objection, to testify generally to the fact that at some time before she came to this country she was a prostitute, and lived in a house of prostitution; although it appeared from his cross-examination that he testified from no personal knowledge, never, having met or spoken to her but once in Copenhagen, and then by accident in the street. With respect to the other witness, after stating that he had danced with her at public balls and masquerades, the defendant’s counsel propounded the question to him, “ What was the character of the house in which the balls and masquerades were given ? ” This was objected to and excluded, and an exception taken. This was not error. ' The only proper inquiry on the direct examination of the witness was as to her general moral character and her public reputation as a truthful or untruthful woman. It was not permissible for the defendant to show specified acts of immorality or misconduct with the view of *557impeaching or discrediting her as a witness. The character of the houses at which she attended halls and masquerades, was utterly immaterial except in its hearing on her moral reputation and habits.
These are all the exceptions supposed on the argument to be entitled to any consideration. Indeed, none of them were strenuously urged, except that allowing the plaintiff to he examined as a witness on her own behalf.
The judgment of the common pleas should be affirmed.
A majority of the judges concurred.
Mullin, J.Had the verdict of the jury been for a much less sum than that for which it was rendered, I should feel much better satisfied that inj ustice had not been done to the defendant and those he represented. But the court below has not seen fit to disturb the verdict, and we can not if we would, interfere with it, notwithstanding it might be satisfied that it was for much more than the plaintiff was entitled to recover. If the ruling on the trial was correct, the judgment must stand, whatever errors may have been committed by the jury.
The first question presented for our consideration is, whether the plaintiff was a competent witness in her own behalf. The ground of objection to her is, that the defendant asserts title to the property in controversy through a judgment recovered against the plaintiff’s husband, and, therefore, the husband is substantially a party, and the wife can not be examined as a witness against her husband.
At common law, neither the husband nor the wife could he examined as a witness for or against each other, and this rule of exclusion was adopted because it was considered to be against public policy to compel persons occupying the relation of husband and wife to ■ disclose the acts and sayings of each other, or to subject either to the prejudice or passion which would naturally arise against the one who should give evidence injurious to the interests or feelings of the other.
To this rule of exclusion there was but one exception,—that either might be a witness against the other in regard to personal injury done or threatened, and that the wife was a com*558petent witness against the husband on the trial of an indictment for a forcible marriage, or for a conspiracy or fraudulent marriage. 2 Cow. & H. notes, 1554. In all civil matters they were wholly incompetent to testify for or against each other. Id. 1554.
The Code has changed the common law rules of evidence in many very important particulars, among others by making the wife a competent witness against her husband in actions in respect to her separate .property. By the act for the more effectual protection of married women, passed.April 7, 1848, L. 1848, ch. 200, p. 307, a married woman was permitted to take by gift, devise or bequest from any person other than her husband, and hold to her sole and separate use, convey and devise, real and personal property, in the same manner as if she were unmarried.
It was provided by section 114 of the Code of Procedure, as it stood when this action was commenced, that where a married woman is a party her husband must be joined with her, except that, when the action concerns her separate property, she might sue alone.
Then, by section 399 of the Code, it was provided that a party to an action or special proceeding may be examined in his own behalf, or in behalf of any other in the same manner, and subject to the same rules of examination as any. other witnesses. The statute makes every party a competent witness— there is no exception and the courts have no power to create exceptions to the operation of statutes unless the exception is necessary to prevent injustice, so obviously at war with the intention of the legislature, that it should be excluded.
The case of a married woman owning separate estate is not a case within any principle of exclusion. If it was wise and just that married women should have separate estates, which they could hold, manage and dispose of as if they were unmarried, and that they might sue and be sued in relation to such estates, it is equally right and just that they should be able to be witnesses in their own behalf, if all other persons were to be, or the right to hold property separately would be a curse rather than a boon.
The decisions of the court have not been uniform on this question, yet I think the weight of authority in the supreme *559court is in favor of holding the wife a competent witness. Shoemaker v. M’Kee, 19 How. Pr. 86; Marsh v. Potter, 30 Barb. 506; Schaffner v. Reuter, 37 Id. 44.
In this court there is no reported decision on the question, that I have been able to find. In March, 1863, the case of Marsh v. Potter, cited supra, was approved by this court, thus settling the question as to the competency of the wife.
The court below were right, therefore, in admitting the plaintiff to testify in her own behalf.
[The learned judge then examined the exceptions to the admission and exclusion of evidence, and was of opinion that there was error in excluding a question as to value, for which there ought to be a new trial; in which, however, the other judges did not concur.]
A majority of the judges concurred in the opinion of Weight, J.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.