The contention of the plaintiff below, the defendant in error here, that the act of Nebraska of Feburary 23, 1875, governed proceedings for the stay of money judgments in the Federal courts of the Nebraska district equally as for the stay of such judgments in the courts of that State, and in like manner determined the liability of sureties upon bonds given for such stay, is founded upon the language of section 914 of the Be vised Statutes, which is as follows:
“ The practice, pleadings, and forms and modes of proceeding in civil causes, other than equity and admiralty cause's, in the circuit and district courts, shall conform, as near as may be, to the practice, pleadings, and forms and modes of proceeding existing at the time in like causes in the courts of record of the State within which such circuit or district courts are held, any rule of court to the contrary notwithstanding.”
This section is a re-enactment of section 5 of the act of June 1, 1872, “ to further the administration of justice” (17 U. S. Stats, ch. 255), and was intended to assimilate the pleadings and the procedure in common-law cases in the Federal courts to the pleadings and procedure used in such cases in the courts of record of the State within which the Federal courts are held. . Much inconvenience had been previously felt by the profession from the dissimilarity in pleadings, forms, and modes of procedure of the Federal courts from those in the courts of the State, consequent upon the general adherence of the form.er to the *145common-law forms of actions, pleadings and modes of procedure ; while the distinctions in such forms of action and the system of pleading and the modes of procedure peculiar to them had been in many States abrogated by statute. The new codes of procedure did not require an accurate knowledge of the intricacies of common-law pleading; and to obviate the embarrassment following the use of different systems in the two courts, the section mentioned of the act of 1872 was adopted. As said by this court in the case of Nudd v. Burrows (91 U. S. 426, 441), its purpose “ was to bring about uniformity in the law of procedure in the Federal and State courts of the same locality. It had its origin in the code enactments of many of the States. While in the Federal tribunals the common-law pleadings, forms, and practice were adhered to, in the State courts of the same district the simpler forms of the local code prevailed. This involved the necessity, on the part of the bar, of studying two distinct systems of remedial law, and of practicing according to the wholly dissimilar requirements of both. The inconvenience of such a state of things is obvious. The evil was a serious one. It was the aim of the provision in question to remove it. This was done by bringing about the conformity in the courts of the United States which it prescribes.”
' The general language of the section, in the absence of qualifying provisions, would comprehend all proceedings, in a cause from its commencement to its conclusion,, embracing the enforcement of the judgment therein. The-court which has jurisdiction of a cause has jurisdiction over the various proceedings which may be taken therein,, from its initiation to the satisfaction of the judgment rendered. Any practice, pleading, form, or mode of proceeding which may be applicable in any stage of a cause in a. State court would, therefore, under the section m question,, in the absence of other clauses, be also applicable in a like-stage of a similar cause in a Federal court. The section. *146would embrace proceedings after judgment equally with those preceding its rendition.
The first process act of Congress, passed September 29, 1189 (1 Stat. 93), provided “that until further provision shall be made . . . the forms of writs and executions, except their style, and modes qf process, . . . in the circuit and district courts, in suits at common law, shall be the same in each State respectively as are now used or allowed in the supreme courts of the same.”
The second process act, passed May 8,1192 (1 Stat. 215), provided “ that the forms of writs, executions, and other process, except their style, and thq forms (md modes of proceeding in suits in those of common law, shall be the same as are now used in the said courts respectively, in pursuance of the act entitled £ An act to regulate processes in the courts of the United States,’ ”—the first process act mentioned above.
In Wayman v. Southard (10 Wheat. 1), these statutes were considered and construed by this court. And in giving a meaning to the language “ forms and modes of proceeding in suits,” the court, speaking by Chief Justice TvTa-r.rttat.t,, said, that it “ embraces the whole progress of the suit, and every transaction in it, from its commencement to its termination, which has been already shown not to take place until the judgment shall be satisfied. It may then and ought to be understood as prescribing the conduct of the officer in the execution of process, that being a part of the proceedings in the suit” (10 Wheat. 9).
There would, therefore, be good reason for the contention of the plaintiff below, that the general words of section 914 of the Revised Statutes, “ forms and modes of proceeding,” apply to proceedings for the enforcement of judgments, as well as to proceedings before the judgments were rendered, but for the provisions of section 916, which is section 6 of the same act of June 1, 1812, from which section 914 was taken. Section 916 is as follows:
“ The party recovering a judgment in any common-law *147cause, in any circuit or district court, shall be entitled to similar remedies upon the same, by execution or otherwise, to reach the property of the judgment debtor, as are now provided in like causes by the laws of the State in which such court is held, or by any such laws hereafter enacted which may be adopted by general rules of such circuit or district court; and such courts may, from time to time, by general rules, adopt such State laws as may hereafter be in force in such State in relation to remedies upon judgments, as aforesaid, by execution or otherwise.”
This section shows that in pursuing the remedies for 4 the enforcement of a judgment in a common-law cause, recovered in a Federal court, the “ forms and modes of proceeding ” provided for the enforcement of a like judgment in a State court are not to be followed, unless they were prescribed by a law of the State, at the time the provisions of the section took effect; or, if subsequently prescribed by such law, until they have been adopted by a general rule of the court. In providing for remedies upon judgments, the section not only excludes the application of the provisions of section 914 to such remedies, but also indicates the extent to which remedies upon judgments furnished by State laws may be used in the Federal courts. Congress, which alone can determine the remedies which may be pursued for the enforcement of judgments in the Federal courts, as well as the procedure to be adopted in the progress of a suit, has declared its will with respect to both. The procedure in civil causes, other than those in equity and admiralty, from their commencement to final judgment, must conform, as near as be, to the procedure existing at the time in like causes in the courts of record of the State in which the Federal courts are held. It must, therefore, follow subsequent changes in the procedure in like causes in the State courts. But to enforce judgments in common-law causes, only such remedies can be pursued “as are now provided in like causes by the laws of the State,”—that is, when the act of Con*148gress on the subject, the above section, was passed or reenacted,—or, if provided by subsequent laws of the State, such as have been adopted by the Federal courts.
It matters not that the remedies designated in section 916 are stated to be, to reach by execution or otherwise the property of the judgment debtor; and that proceedings under the stay-law of Nebraska are only to secure, where a stay is obtained, the personal liability of the sureties for the amount of the judgment—in the absence of a designation of any other remedies, the section is a declaration that, until adopted by a rale of the court, no other remedies prescribed by State laws shall be permitted in the Federal courts. The extent to which the authority of the Federal courts may go, in the enforcement of judgments, by resort to remedies provided by State laws in similar cases, is thus defined and limited. =
Section 916, as mentioned, is taken from the act of Congress of June 1,1872, and is re-enacted in the Bevised Statutes, which took effect as of December 1,1873. The act of Nebraska of February 23, 1875, had not been adopted by any rule of the Federal court when the judgment of Seymour v. Young was rendered in the circuit court of the United States, November 12, 1875, or when that judgment was extended by the clerk of that court, December 2, 1875, so as to embrace the sureties on the bond given to stay execution. That act was not adopted as a rule of procedure of that court until December 30, 1876.
It follows from this construction of the two sections 914 and 916, that the act of Nebraska did not govern proceedings for the'stay of execution upon that judgment, or determine the liability of the sureties on the bond or undertaking given for such stay; and that the act of the clerk extending that iudgment against the sureties was without authority and void. The sale, under the execution, of the property of Lancaster, one of the sureties, and *149the deed of the marshal to the purchaser at such sale, therefore, conferred no title.
The confirmation of the sale by the order of the court did not cure the invalidity of the execution upon which it was made. The extension of the judgment against Young, so as to embrace the sureties, being a void proceeding, no subsequent action upon the sale could give it validity. A confirmation of a sale may cure mere irregularities not affecting its fairness, but not an infirmity growing out of the nullity of the judgment under which it was had.
The judgment below must, therefore, be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial; and it is so ordered.
Vote on Enforcing Common-Law Judgments in United States Courts.
It seems to have been generally supposed by the profession that the practice in common-law actions in the Federal courts in this State depended on the State practice for the time being, except (1) in matters specially regulated by U. S. statutes or court rules, and (2) in the enforcement of a judgment against the property of the debtor, as to which it depended on the State practice in force at the time of Federal rule adopting it, which in this the Southern District of Few York was, for the circuit court, December 29, 1881, and for the district court, October 11, 1878.
The importance of the case in the text is twofold: 1. While it concedes that but for section 916 of U. S. R. S. relating to proceedings for the enforcement of such judgments, the State law for the time being would control, by virtue of section 914; it nevertheless holds that, in applying section 916, the words “ against the property of the judgment debtor” do not restrict the qualification imposed by section 916 on section 9Í4. And that a proceeding given by the State law after 1874 to get a judgment binding on the sureties of the judgment debtor, could not be pursued in the Federal court unless it had been adopted by rule of the Federal court. And (2) that a judgment obtained in such a proceeding, and sale had thereon, is void, *150and not capable of confirmation by order of court. It will be observed that the court do not regard the proceeding by which the sureties came in as being a proceeding in the action, but as a proceeding after judgment, even though it was before the judgment against them.
The rules of the Federal courts in this district are as follows :
Circuit Court Rules ed. of 1887, p. 48. Adopted December 29, 1881.
“ In pursuance of the provisions of sections 915 and 916, of an act [Act of Congress approved June 20, 1874], it is ordered, that the provisions of the Act of the Legislature of the State of New York, [N. Y. Code of Civil Procedure, passed June 2, 1876, as amended by the supplemental act passed May 6, 1880], and the provisions of any other act heretofore passed by said Legislature, amending either of said acts, so far as such provisions relate to' a remedy by attachment against the property of a defendant, or to a remedy by execution or otherwise, to reach the property pf a judgment-debtor are hereby adopted by this court as rules of this court, in respect to a remedy by attachment against the property of a defendant, in a common-law cause in this. court, and in respect to a remedy by execution, or otherwise, to reach the property of a judgment-debtor, in a common-law cause in this court."
[Under this rule supplementary proceedings are not allowed upon decrees in equity causes.]
It seems to follow that sales on executions issued after September 1, 1887, and had before December 29, 1881, must stand or fall, not according to the Code of Civil Procedure, chapter 13 of which was in force in 1881, but according to the provisions of Code Pro. § 287, &c., and 2 R. S. 364, &c.
Other provisions which may be noted in this connection with the effect of the above rule, are the following:
The provision of section 1376, allowing execution in ejectment to issue after death of a defendant, was not in force in 1881, but brought in by amendment in 1885 (c. 515), 1887 (c. 682). And see section 1380 as amended in 1885.
Exemption from execution was extended by L. 1884, p. 112, c. 116, to the beneficiary fund paid to a widow by co-operative insurance company.
As to actions against members of association after judgment in action against the association appearing in the name of an officer,—the-regulations of L. 1853, c. 153; L. 1851, c, 455 ; L. 1849, c. 258 ; L. 1869, c. 157, were revised in Code Ovo. Pro. §§ 1923-1925.
*151As to actions against partner not joined in previous actions,—Code Pro. § 136, subd. 4, was revised in 1880 in Code Civ. Pro. § 1946.
In the District Court the following rules touch the subject:
Adopted in 1838. Rule 14.—Where no specific process is provided by the rules, parties may have such process as is in use in like cases in the supreme court of the State.
Rule 241.—In all cases not provided for by the rules of this court, the rules of the circuit court of the United States for this district, for the time being (whether adopted before or after these rules), so far as the same may be applicable, shall regulate the practice of this court; and, when there is no rule of the circuit court to apply, then the rules of the supreme court of this State, now in force, so far as the same may be applicable, shall govern.
Adopted October 11,1878. “In pursuance of the provisions of section 915 of the act [Act of Congress, approved June 22, 1874], it is ordered that the'provisions of the act of the Legislature of the State of New York, [N. Y. Code of Civil Procedure, passed June 2, 1876], and the provisions of any act heretofore passed by said Legislature, amending said last named act, so far as such provisions relate to a remedy by attachment against the property of a defendant, are hereby adopted by this court as rules of this court in respect to a remedy by attachment against the property of a" defendant in a common-law cause in his court.’"
[Supplementary proceedings are allowed on judgments in common-law causes, but not on decrees in equity or admiralty.]
The changes in addition to those noted above, that may perhaps be material as to enforcement of district court judgments are as follows :
Action against joint debtor not served. Code Civ. Pro. § 1937 (adopted in 1880). Previously the remedy was on motion under Code Pro. § 136. -
Assignability of money judgments is declared by a new provision in Code Civ. Pro. § 1912.
Attorney’s authority to receive serviced papers after judgment, which formerly depended in part on the Revised Statutes, and in part on common-law principles/ (1 Abb. New Prac. 409-413, 638), is now, as to motion for leave to sue on judgment, regulated by provisions of Code Civ. Pro. § 1913, adopted in 1880. And see 1 Abb. New Prac. 416 note.
Contempt. Proceeding for contempt to enforce a judgment were in 1873 regulated by the Revised Statutes, 2 B. 8. 534, etc. They are now regulated by Code Civ. Pro. § 14, 718, 1241, 2266, etc., etc. *152Such proceedings, moreover, were not generally regarded as proceedings "in the action,” even when taken Before judgment,until, by the change introduced in 1880 by the Code of Civil Procedure, § 2278, the proceeding is declared to be in the action, unless an attachment is issued to bring the defendant in ; this being the doctrine of Pitt v. Davison, 3 Abb. Pr. N. S. 398; S. C., 37 N. Y, 235, which was approved and followed in Seely v. Black, 35 How. Pr. 369, 371, and People v. Campbell, 40 N. Y. 133, 137.
Execution against an association sued in the name of its officer. The regulations of L. 1849, c. 258, §§ 1, 3, were revised in 1880, in Gods Oiv. Pro. § 1921.
Execution against executor or administrators. Formerly regulated also by 2 JR. 8.448, is the subject of new regulations in Oode Oiv. Pro. §§ 1816, 1817.
Execution on judgment against joint debtors, part of whom were not served. The regulations of 2 JR. 8. 377, were revised in 1880 in Oode Oiv. Pro. §§ 1934, 1935, 1941.
Execution against a public officer as such. The regulations of 2 JR. 8. 473, etc., were revised in 1880 in Oode Oiv. Pro. § 193T,
Execution in replevin. Formerly regulated by Oode Pro. § 289 and 2 R. 8. 530'. Since 1880 by Oode Oiv. Pro. § 1731.
Joint debtors. The proceeding to make a judgment which was obtained on service of part, binding on the others, was formerly by motion. Oode Pro. § 136; 2 JR. 8. 377, etc. In 1880 the revision substituted an action. Oode Oiv. Pro. § 1937.
Judgment against heir or devisee. The effect under 2 R. S. 114, as above, of a proceeding against the executor, etc., was enlarged in 1880 by Oode Oiv. Pro. § 1821.
Lien of a judgment against joint debtors on service of part only. See Oode Oiv. Pro. 1936, adopted in 1880.
Supplementary proceedings were fojjnerly deemed proceedings in the action. Code Pro. § 292, etc. .
Under Oode Oiv. Pro. § 2433, they are a “special proceeding," not an action within the meaning of that term as used in the Code, § 3333, 3334.
The following cases illustrate what, under various statutes and for various purposes, have been deemed proceedings in the action, and what a new proceeding.
Where a proceeding was begun by order to show cause procured in an action before final judgment, why a party should not be punished for contempt in-violating an injunction order,-—Held, that the proceeding was a proceeding in the action and not a special proceeding *153within the provision of the Code of Procedure as to appeals from a final order in a special proceeding. Batterman v. Finn, 40 N. Y. 340. See also Brinkley v. Brinkley, 47 N. Y. 40.
Where an order was made that, unless the defendant comply with certain directions therein contained, an attachment should issue for a violation of an injunction order theretofore made in the action,—Held, that this was not an order affecting a substantial right in a special proceeding, but that it was made in the action, and was not a final order, but one preliminary to punishing the party alleged to be guilty of contempt. N. Y. & N. H. R. R. Co. v. Ketchum, 3 Abb. Ct. of App. Dec. 347.
As to proceedings to punish an administrator for contempt in not complying with the provisions of a decree upon his accounting, see Woodhouse v. Woodhouse, 5 Redf. 131.
The distinction between the different modes of proceeding for contempt,—a proceeding in the action by an order to show cause, and a proceeding for an attachment,—is considered at length in a dissenting opinion in Matter of Nichols, 54 N. Y. 62, 70-74. See also People ex rel. Alexander v. Alexander, 5 Supm. Ct. (T & C.) 297.
Under the Code of Procedure, proceedings supplementary to execution were proceedings in the action, and therefore notice of the appointment of a receiver of a foreign corporation in such proceedings need not be served on the corporation itself, but only upon its attorney. De Bemer v. Drew, 57 Barb. 438, 446.
An order punishing a party to an action as for contempt is not an order made in a proceeding in the action within the provisions of the Code of Procedure as to appeal from an order made in an action, but is an order made in a special proceeding. So held, on appeal from an order, made in supplementary proceedings for the production of books. Sudlow v. Knox, 7 Abb. Pr. N. S. 411. (Otherwise now, under the Code of Civil Procedure, § 2433, making such proceeding a special proceeding.)
A proceeding by attachment against an attorney to compel payment to the county treasurer of surplus moneys arising in an action of foreclosure in which he acted as attorney for the petitioners, is a special proceeding, and not a mere motion in the foreclosure suit; and hence costs are properly allowed as in a special proceeding. Supm. Ct., 1887, Matter of Silvernail, 45 Hun, 575.
An order to show cause why the answer of a defendant should not be stricken out for refusal to obey an order made in an action to allow the plaintiff to inspect the defendant’s books* is one of the ordinary proceedings in an action; and under Code Civ. Pro. § 799, service of the order and of the motion papers may be made on the attorney, and *154need not he served on the defendant. Rossner v. N. Y. Museum Asso., 20 Hun, 182.
An order made pending an action, giving a receiver appointed therein directions as to the leasing of real property involved in the action, is an order made in the action for purposes of appeal, and not an order in a special# proceeding, though the papers are'so entitled. Bolles v. Duff, 42 N. Y. 256.
The motions referred to in Code Pro. § 401, subd. 4,—prohibiting motions upon notice in the first judicial district in an action triable elsewhere,—are motions in the action while it is pending, or such as relate in some way to its pendency or procedure; and that section does not prohibit a sheriff, holding an execution upon a judgment rendered in the first judicial district, from moving in his own county in another district for directions as to the disposition of moneys collected by him, by levy and sale, under the execution. Phillips v. Wheeler, 67 N. Y. 104; aff'g 16 Abb. Pr. N. S. 242.
This rule was applied and followed under Code Civ. Pro. § 769, in Curtis v. Greene, 28 Hun, 294, holding that a motion which related to proceedings had under the judgment after it had been entered, could regularly be made in another county than the county of New York where the judgment had been recovered and entered. (The nature of the motion is not stated in the report.)
Under Code Civ. Pro § 769,—requiring a motion upon notice in an action triable in the first judicial district to he made in that district,— an application for an extra allowance of costs in an action tried therein, must be made in the first district, although the trial judge resides in another. Hun v. Salter, 92 N. Y. 651.
A motion to set aside a jxxdgment of divorce granted by default, and for leave to the defendant to come in and defend is a proceeding in the action, and the motion papers may he therefore properly served on the attorneys for the plaintiff in the judgment, although nearly two years have elapsed since the entry of the judgment. Miller v. Miller, 37 How. Pr. 1.
The papers upon a motion to set aside an attachment and an order for publication, made four years after the entry of judgment in the action, may be well served xipon the plaintiff’s attorney. Drury v. Russell, 27 How. Pr. 130.
In an action for divorce an order of arrest was issued and a common law undertaking for the defendant’s remaining amenable to process was given. Decision was rendered in the action in July, 1868, but judgment was not entered thereon xnitil 1874. Meantime, in 1871, the defendant in the action, who had, before decision, left the State, returned, and was within the reach of process for several weeks. Held, *155that a notice of the fact of the defendant’s presence in the State at the time to the plaintiff’s attorneys was equivalent to notice to the plaintiff, and that the failure to issue a body execution .against the defendant upon request of the surety, discharged him from liability. Toles v. Adee, 84 N. Y. 222, 241.
An appeal being a further proceeding in the same action and not a new one, an attorney by his general authority may, after judgment rendered, give a stipulation allowing an extension of the time to perfect an appeal. Hoffenberth v. Muller, 12 Abb. Pr. N. S. 221; follow, ing Struver v. Ocean Ins. Co,, 9 Abb. Pr. 23.
A service of a notice of appeal by an attorney other than the attorney of record in the court below, without due substitution, is a fatal irregularity. Thierry v. Crawford, 33 Hun, 366.