The act of 1839 (Laws of 1839, p. 11), provides, by section 1, that no theater, circus, or building, garden, or grounds for exhibiting theatricals, or equestrian performances in the city of New York, shall be opened for such exhibitions, unless the manager or proprietor thereof shall first and annually obtain from the mayor of the city a license therefor. It also provides, by the same section, that the manager *217or proprietor neglecting to take out such a license before such exhibitions, shall be subject to a penalty of five hundred dollars. It also provides, by section 4, for an injunction restraining .the opening, until the manager or proprietor shall have complied with the requisitions of the act.
The act of 1860 (Laws of 1860, p. 999), prohibits the exhibition on Sunday, to the public, in any building, garden, grounds, concert-room, or other room or place within the city and county of New York, of any interlude, tragedy, comedy, opera, ballet, play, farce, negro minstrelsy, negro or other dancing, or any other entertainment of the stage, or any part or parts therein, or any equestrian, circus, or dramatic performance, or any performance of jugglers, acrobats, or rope-dancing. It also provides that every person offending against the provisions of the act, and every person aiding in such exhibition, by advertisement or otherwise, and every person being owner or lessee, who shall lease any of the places named for the purpose of such exhibition or performance, or assent that it shall be used for that purpose, if the same shall be so used, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and in addition to the punishment provided therefor by law, shall be subjected to a penalty of five hundred dollars ; and if the violation be by manager or proprietor, or any other person having a license for the place in which such violation occurs, then the license shall become null and void.
The act of 1862 (Laws of 1862, p. 475), provides that it shall not be lawful to exhibit to the public in any building, garden, or grounds, concert-room, or other place or room within the city of New York, any interlude, tragedy, or comedy, opera, ballet, play, farce, negro minstrelsy, negro or other dancing, or other entertainment of the stage, or any part or parts therein, or any equestrian or dramatic performance, or any performance of jugglers, or rope-dancing, or aero*218bats, until a license therefor shall have first been had and obtained, pursuant to and at the same rate provided for theatrical performances in the act of 1839 {supra). It also provides, that every manager or proprietor of any such exhibition or performance, who shall neglect to take out the license, or consent to, cause, or allow any such exhibition or performance, or any single one of them, without such license, shall incur the penalties, and be subjected to the provisions for an injunction, provided for in the act of 1839 {supra). The act also subjects to the same penalties the owner or lessee of any building, or of any of the places mentioned, who shall lease or let the same for the purpose of any such exhibition or performance, or who shall assent that the same be used for any such purpose, unless permitted by a license previously obtained therefor, and then in force, provided, however, that such place shall be so used in accordance with such letting or consent.
The act of 1862, when compared with the act of 1839, will be found to be much more comprehensive and sweeping, embracing all kinds of dramatic performances and entertainments of the stage besides those expressly designated, and any part or parts therein. If the exhibitions, therefore, at the defendant’s garden, are included in the terms opera, farce, interlude, comedy, tragedy, play, ballet, or are in their nature dramatic, or are entertainments of the stage, or any part or parts therein, they are within the prohibition of the statute, and cannot be given without a license.
The language employed in the acts of 1860 and of 1862 leaves no doubt of the intention of the legislature, in regard to the character of the exhibitions or performances, for which licenses are to be procured, or of the places in which such exhibitions or performances being publicly given, shall be within the prohibitory design. The defendant is proprietor of the “National *219Garten,” a public place of resort; and, as appears from the proofs on behalf of the plaintiffs, the interior of the building is fitted up for theatrical performances, with a raised stage, orchestra, drop-curtain, side scenes, footlights, and such other arrangements as are usual where theatrical performances are given. It also appears that in August, 1870, and on the twenty-third day thereof, there was a performance on that stage by actors dressed in costume adapted to the characters of that piece, consisting of a farce in two acts, in the German language, called “Dienstboten WirtTischaft” (“Servants’ Housekeeping”), and on August 29,1870, a farce in one act, and a comedy in two acts, performed by four actors in the former, and six in the latter, all dressed in costume adapted to the characters of the piece. It also appears that for admission to the “ Garten ” ten cents is charged, and was paid.
The defendant, in answer to these statements, says that Ms Garten is kept for refreshments for visitors, for concerts, vocal and instrumental, and denies that on the days hereinbefore mentioned, there was such a stage or theatrical performance as charged by the plaintiffs. He does not deny that the performance on August 23 was designated by name as alleged, or that he charges ten cents for admission to his garden, nor does he explain the nature of the performances, in detail, which he calls concerts, vocal and instrumental, otherwise than by referring particularly to one of the affidavits made on his behalf, and annexed to his deposition. It appears by that affidavit that there is, as usual, a raised platform, but it is alleged to be in no sense a regular theatrical stage, having no foot-lights, nor drop - curtain, nor scene shifting, and it is said that while the visitors were enjoying their refreshments on August 23, two persons went upon the platform and sang an impromptu piece, with occasional impromptu dialogue; but it is averred that the exhibition was in no sense a the*220atrical one, and that it was not a written farce. It is stated, however, that the song and dialogue were for the amusement of the persons present; those persons, it must be borne in mind, having paid ten cents for the privilege of entering the “Harten” and enjoying its entertainments. In that affidavit it is also said that the performance given on August 29, “ wrongly called a farce” in one act, with four actors, and a comedy in two acts, with six actors in costume, was simply solos, duets and other songs, given impromptu, and relating to the last battle between the Prussians and French, at Weissembourg. It is not denied, be it observed, however, that these actors were dressed in costume appropriate to the piece. It is not stated, either, that these actors were not in the employment of the defendant.
Assuming that the artists who thus appeared have the gift of impromptu song, duet, dialogue, and histrionic representation, sufficient, with the limited number of six, to portray the battle at Weissembourg, between the French and Hermans, the performance was, nevertheless, in its character, dramatic or theatrical. The raised stage or platform, the song, duet, dialogue, and costumes are not the occurrences of private life, impromptu or otherwise, except occasionally, when, to beguile the weary hours, or in the better effort to aid some noble charity, amateurs may don the glittering robes of the noble, or the simpler attire of gentry or peasantry, and assist, to some extent, at least, to show that.indeed “all the world’s a stage and men and women only players,” and the exhibitions thus given are not continuous, but isolated ; and not in any sense public in public places, as suggested by the counsel for defendants. They are the exceptions, not the rule.
If we seek for the definitions of the words of the statute, we find that a play is a “ dramatic composiition,” “a drama,” “tragedy,” “ comedy,” or “ farce,” “ a composition in which characters are represented by *221dialogue and action. ” We find, also, that an interlude is “a short dramatic piece, and generally accompanied with music,” though usually represented or performed between the acts of longer performances ; and that a farce is “ a short dramatic entertainment in which ludicrous qualities are greatly exaggerated foy the purpose of exciting laughter,” “a short play of low comic character” (Vide Worcester1 s Dictionary). It is not essential to the creation of any one of these defined compositions, that it should be written. It may be im • promptu, and be an interlude or farce, the details having been agreed upon, and each actor left to his own capacity to make it harmonious or ludicrous. It is enough, under the broad provisions of the statutes referred to, that the result of the combination is a theatrical entertainment. It must also be said that songs and duets sung by persons in costume may be parts of a dramatic, theatrical or operatic entertainment, and must be so regarded, when connected with dialogue and sung in a public garden, for admission to which a charge is made.
Upon the defendant’s case, therefore, taken in connection with averments made by the plaintiffs and not denied, it is clear that the exhibitions or performances at his place are within the prohibitions contained in the statute, and that he is not justified in giving them without the license therefor which he is required to obtain.
On the argument of this motion objection was taken to affidavits which the plaintiffs claimed the right to read, in answer to those presented on the part of the defendant. It was then suggested by the court that the affidavits might be read in reference to any new matter set up in the papers submitted on the part of the defendant. The assertion that the performance was impromptu is new matter. It is conpled with a denial that the exhibition complained of was, as alleged, a farce or comedy, and is, therefore, explanatory, or in the nature *222of a confession and avoidance. The answering papers of the plaintiffs are, therefore, to be considered.
From these it appears that the defendant, in one of the proceedings against him by the plaintiff, signed a papes* and described himself as a theatrical manager. It also appears that on the occasion of August 23, as a substitute for programmes, there was a bulletin board arranged on the wall of defendant’s premises, on which was written “Zum Schluss-Dienstboten Wirthschaft ” “Finale: Servants’ Housekeeping, ’ ’ a fact which affects the probability of the exhibitions being impromptu, and justifies a conclusion to the contrary ; and it appears in reference to the play of August 29, that actresses participated in the performance, and that, in one of the compositions, but two songs were sung. Other facts and circumstances appear, to which I make no reference, inasmuch as they may not be responsive to the new matter urged as relevant and important for the defendant.
It is quite apparent from these facts and circumstances, that the defendant must, if he designs to continue his business in the mode heretofore conducted, seek a license. The legislature has said that it must be done, and as the law affects all equally, there is no reason why all should not be required to bear its burdens. It is not by these statutes intended to interfere with the theatrical amusements of the people, but to exercise a salutary supervision of them, and to compel the persons who thus cater for the public pleasure in public places, and for their own aggrandizement, to pay for the privilege ; the license fee and the penalties that may be recovered for violations of the law being appropriated for the benefit of the plaintiffs’ institution, which is regarded as one of great usefulness.
I have set out, more at length than was necessary, perhaps, the statutes bearing upon the question discussed ; but the subject is important, and it is im*223portant that the defendant and others should understand that public exhibitions of a theatrical, operatic, dramatic, or equestrian character, cannot be given in this city in any place opened for that purpose, without a license therefor, as long as the statutes referred to remain unrepealed.
It is only necessary to say further that the existence of another action for a violation of the statute of 1860, {supra), by giving a performance on Sunday, has no bearing on the plaintiffs’ right to an injunction herein. The cause of action in that case is wholly independent of that of which this action is predicated.
For these reasons the motion to disolve the injunction must be denied.
Ordered accordingly.