—The proceeding by injunction is an important branch of the remedial power of this court. It operates with great and salutary effect to prevent many public and private injuries, for which no other equally effective and comprehensive remedy exists.
To render it of any avail, it must of course be capable of being enforced. And it would be a matter of serious regret, if, in all cases where the power to issue the process of injunction exists, the power of compelling obedience to it did not also exist. I cannot believe there is such a solecism in the law. If there is, it deserves immediate attention on the part of the Legislature.
It is not denied that an injunction may issue against a corporation. It is every day’s practice to issue process of that character. A corporation is an actual existence, in a legal sense, as much as a natural person. It is an artificial being, it is true, but it can act, and frequently with great, and it may be, with ruinous effect. It is conceded it may, by the courts, in a proper case, be restrained from acting—that is, be ordered not to act in a given way.
Is it possible that this order cannot be enforced ? Are courts so impotent, is the law so defective, that the order of the court cannot be carried into effect against the offending party ? It would be a gross reflection upon the law of the land if this were so.
It is not so. The power that makes the order >can enforce it. The party who disobeys the order may be punished for it. I acknowledge no exception to the rule. For this purpose, the *173court is the government; the representative of the people; the embodiment of the law. Every person within its jurisdiction, high or low, natural or artificial, is, in a proper case, subject to its power, and, in case of disobedience, amenable' to punishment.
It is no answer to say that the act of the corporation is manifested and carried into effect by individuals, and that those persons are always liable to the process of the law, and may be punished, and therefore an injured party has always the means of redress. It is a poor compliment to the law to say that, while the principal is the real offender, though you cannot reach him, you can reach his agent,—his instrument. Besides, the agent may be entirely irresponsible, or comparatively innocent.
And why cannot a corporation be punished for contempt? It is said because it cannot be attached, that is, personally seized or taken. This shows no sufficient reason. In the-former equity practice, it sometimes became necessary to order a corporation to answer a bill in chancery. If it refused, it was not strictly attached, as a natural person would be, but a distringas, or writ authorizing a distress upon its property, was issued; this failing, a second, and sometimes a third, was issued, and, if all these were insufficient, then process of sequestration was issued against it, and its property sequestered for the benefit of the aggrieved party. (1 Barb. Ch., 76.) Why may not process of sequestration be issued against it, to punish it for contempt in violating an injunction, as well as contempt in refusing to answer? Why may it not be fined for the contempt, and the fine collected in the ordinary way? Corporations are often indicted for neglect of duty, or for positive misfeasance, and the punishment, upon conviction, is by the imposition of a fine. The punishment by fine for a contempt is one of the usual modes of punishment, and directly recognized by statute. (2 Rev. Stat., 538.) So, also, the sequestration of property is recognized among the elementary writers; and in adjudicated cases, as an appropriate and lawful mode of punishment for a contempt. (2 Barb. Ch., 280; Van Santv. Eq. Pr., 635 ; People a. Rogers, 2 Paige, 103; Lupton a. Hescott, 1 Sim. & Stew., 274.)
It is quite true, as before stated, that the parties directly guilty, in their own persons, of a violation of the injunction, *174may be punished. That may be necessary or expedient to be done; but that may not be enough; it may be, and often is, quite proper that the principal offender, who sets on foot the .violation of the injunction, should be punished and made to feel the power of the law.
Nor is it any answer to say that thus the innocent stockholders may suffer for the offensive or unlawful acts of the directors of a corporation. That is always so ; that is incident to the very nature of a corporation. The directors are the agents of the stockholders, appointed by them, and they, like all others who appoint unworthy or indiscreet agents, must take the consequences of their own unfortunate selection.
I cannot coincide in the opinion expressed by the late Mr. Justice Duer, of the Superior Court of New York, in Davis a. Mayor, &c., of N. Y. (1 Duer, 484), as to the inefficiency of this process upon the corporation itself. It is - true that a corporation cannot be personally attached or apprehended; but I do not agree that there are no means by which its obedience to an injunction can be compelled, or its disobedience punished; or that, as to the corporation itself, the injunction is a mere brutum fulmen. On the contrary, I think the means of punishment are within the reach of the court, and though not probably quite so effective as in the case of a natural person (for imprisonment cannot be resorted to), yet they are sufficiently so in most cases to effect the desired object. Much of the supposed impunity of corporations, as such, from punishment for contempt, when spoken of in the elementary treatises on this subject, is founded, I think, upon the idea that they cannot be attached, from which it by no means follows that other modes of punishment may not be administered.
Substantially the same views which I have here expressed are taken in a recent treatise on equity practice. ( Van Santv. Eq. Pr., 641.) The author states, indeed, that a corporation is not amenable" to process of contempt; but he holds further, that “ a corporation, not being amenable to process of contempt, may be proceeded against by writ of sequestration;” and, by statute, this process is explicitly authorized against a corporation upon the return of an execution unsatisfied upon a judgment at law or decree in equity. (2 Rev. Stat., 463; Van Santv. Eq. Pr., 646.)
I am satisfied, therefore, of the power of the court to punish *175a corporation for a wilful disobedience of the order of the court; but I am not satisfied that in this case the evidence is sufficient to convict the defendants of a violation of the injunction.
To convict the defendants, it must, of course, appear that they have violated the injunction. There is no evidence that they have done this directly; for example, by the passage of a resolution or other direct instructions from the corporation itself to remove the iron.
Have they violated the injunction through their agents? It is said certain men on the road were engaged in taking up the iron. The defendants show that these men were not in their employ; and their directors swear that they did not, nor did the corporation, in any way direct or countenance the violation of the injunction.
It is said this iron was taken away in cars. It is not shown they were the cars of the company, or propelled by its officers, agents, or men. Nor ought this, I think, to be inferred against the direct oath of the defendants. The presumption is repelled.
It is said the defendants sold the iron to Mr. Griswold, or the Rensselaer Iron Company. But this sale was before the injunction was served, or issued, and indeed before the commencement of this suit. And it matters not whether the sale was lawful or unlawful, it was not, as to the defendants, a violation of the injunction. After the sale Griswold acted, not as their agent, but as an independent party, under rights of his own. The defendants could not legally control him, and were not bound, I think, to attempt to do so. If they had undertaken to prevent him from removing the iron, it would have been an unwarrantable interference. They might have been liable to an action for damages, or for a specific performance of the contract, and would have been if the contract were lawful. And it may be that it would have been lawful as between the parties, though inoperative as against the public.
Nor would it, as I conceive, have been a violation of the injunction, if, at the very time they sold the iron to Griswold, the parties contemplated an abandonment of the road, or even apprehended a coming injunction. Those facts might entitle the plaintiffs or some other parties to relief, but could not make the injunction react. So long as the transaction between the defendants and Griswold was a contract, changing or undertak*176ing to change the title to the property, instead of a merely colorable transaction, or a mere appointment of an agent, I think the defendants occupy a distinct and independent position from that of Griswold, and are not to be confounded or identified with him.
Nor even if the contract with Griswold was merely verbal (which is not proved), so as not to operate a change of title to the real estate, or even unlawful as against the public, would that maleé the defendants responsible for the acts of Griswold. If the contract was verbal, it was completely operative between the parties, so long as it received their sanction and was unrevoked; it operated as a license or authority to Griswold to. remove the iron; a license conferred before the injunction was issued; conferred for a consideration between the parties, and I do not think the defendants, by the injunction, were ordered to revoke it, or do any other positive act by which the removal would be prevented. And, as before étated, the unlawfulness of the act, as against the public (for such we must assume it to be upon the opinion and decision of the learned judge who granted the injunction), does not make it necessarily unlawful as between the contracting parties, and I do not see why Gris-wold might not have an action for damages against the defendants, if they prevented him from removing the iron. And I am of opinion that the defendants were not required by the injunction to perform this positive act of interference.
But whether I am right to the full extent of the proposition last mentioned or not, I am satisfied upon the case now made, that the plaintiffs have not brought the defendants within it. The complaint was filed in evident ignorance of the sale to Gris-wold, or the Eensselaer Iron Company, and of course the injunction was framed without any allusion or anticipation of the state of facts thus presented. Neither the complaint nor the affidavits, by which it is sought to bring the defendants into contempt, make any reference to such a sale, nor allege or suggest that such a sale was in contemplation; nor that the object of such a sale was to accomplish or aid the object of an abandonment of their road, or was expected to be resorted to for that purpose, and in that manner to shield themselves from responsibility, or from punishment for the violation of an anticipated injunction. In the absence of any one of these allegations, I am not disposed *177to punish the defendants for a contempt. The allegation of disobedience should be direct and positive, and the opportunity to answer full and complete. In addition to this, the rights of a third party, Griswold, or the Rensselaer Iron Company, are involved. ' The contract for the sale of the iron, however invalid it might seem to the court, would not be vacated or set aside in a court of equity, without making the latter a party to the suit. And I doubt whether it would be discreet to punish for a violation of an injunction upon the ground of the alleged unlawfulness of the contract, without giving such party an opportunity to be heard.
An injunction is never retroactive. It can never make an act unlawful, or a disobedience 'to its provisions, which was done before the injunction was granted. To convict the defendants, therefore, of a contempt, it must satisfactorily appear, either that the defendants, through themselves or their agents, have, since knowledge of the injunction, violated its provisions; or had, before the injunction, authorized the act prohibited by it to be done,.and omitted to interfere to prevent a subsequent violation by a party who stood to them in the mere relation of an agent or subordinate, whose movements they could legally control.
It is said the defendants might have refused their road for the transportation of the iron, or have switched off the cars, or in some similar or other.way prevented its removal. I have already stated that the evidence is not decisive that the iron was carried away on the defendants’ road, or that the defendants’ cars were used in the transportation of the iron, or that the defendants were, after the injunction, operating the road, or using the cars. And, as before remarked, so long as the defendants kept themselves and their agents from any direct or indirect connection with the removal of the property, I think they were not required, by the terms or legal import of the injunction, to institute any active or positive measures to prevent its removal by third persons.
I am, therefore, of opinion, that the motion of the plaintiffs should be denied, for want of evidence sufficient to convict the defendants of a contempt. But, as the question is important, and the plaintiffs claim that some portions of the defendants’ affidavits are susceptible of contradiction or explanation;" and *178as the act charged, if committed by the defendants, involves a direct contempt of the authority of this court, I think the plaintiffs should have leave to renew the motion on payment of $10 costs of opposing the same.