I think the objection to the witnesses Peter T. Mesick and George Mesick, on the ground of interest, was well taken. They were clearly interested in the result of the matters in litigation before the surrogate. As legatees claiming under the will, they had appeared by their counsel before the surrogate, and were contesting the appellant’s account. Though they had, when offered as witnesses, assigned their claims upon the estate, they were still parties to the proceedings, and might have been charged with costs, in the discretion of the surrogate. They are proper parties to this appeal, and may yet become liable for costs. The surrogate, therefore, erred in allowing them to be examined as witnesses on behalf of the respondents, and their testimony must be rejected. But John Mesick was a competent witness. He had been paid the full amount of his legacy, and had executed to the executors a receipt in full. Although it is stated in the return that Mr. Lansing appeared for all the legatees, except the minors, who appeared by guardian, yet I understand that it is only meant that the legatees still claiming an interest under the will appeared. This is further evident from the fact that John Mesick is not made a party to the appeal. He was in no way interested in the question upon which he was to be examined. He was therefore properly admitted.
The testimony of Peter and George Mesick being rejected, it necessarily follows that the charge against the appellant for $70, collected of Lanehart in 1839, and also the charge of $343 for personal property of the testator, received by the appellant, must be rejected, and that part of the decree which charges the appellant with the payment of $413, on account of these items, must be reversed. George Mesick is the only witness in respect to the" charge of $70, and without his testimony there is not sufficient evidence to sustain the charge of $343. It is true that John Mesick speaks, in general terms, of the personal property, but he does not specify the items, or the value. His testimony alone is insufficient to sustain this part of the decree.
I think the surrogate was right in holding the appellant responsible for the securities which he received on the 2d of April, *1241-840. It was not pretended that the securities were uncollectable, or that they had not in fact been collected, but the appellant insisted that, having handed them over to Stephen Mesick, his co-executor, he was exonerated from further liability. It is true that, under ordinary circumstances, an executor is not liable for money received by his co-executor. But where one executor, having the actual possession of money or securities belonging to the estate, hands over such money or securities to his co-executor, he will only be exempted from liability, upon showing good reason for having done so. The rule is stated, in the authorities, to be, that where, by an act done by one executor, any part of the representative estate comes to the hands of his co-executor, the former will be answerable for the latter, in the same manner as he would have been for a stranger, whom he had intrusted to receive it. (Clark v. Clark, 8 Paige, 142, and cases there cited.) The same rule is perhaps better stated in Williams on Executors, 1119. “ If an executor,” he says, “is merely passive, by not obstructing his co-executor from getting the assets into his possession, the former is not responsible. If, however, the one in any way contributes to enable the other to obtain possession, he is answerable, notwithstanding his motive be innocent; unless he can assign a sufficient excuse.” Applying this rule to the appellant’s case, there can be no doubt of his liability. He had the assets of the testator in his possession. He had, moreover, undertaken to collect those assets, and apply the proceeds in the manner designated by the testator. He voluntarily delivered those assets to his co-executor. No good reason is shown why he should thus transfer the possession. If, therefore, the assets have been misapplied by his co-executor, he must be held answerable for such misapplication.
The expenses' incurred by the appellant in establishing the will were properly allowed to him by the surrogate. It is true, that the effect of such allowance is to charge those expenses upon the legatees exclusively. But I can not say that this is unjust. It was on their behalf that the probate of the will was resisted. It is probable that they were ignorant of the existence *125of the deed conveying to the appellant all the testator’s real estate ; or if not, that they supposed the deed might be successfully attacked. Otherwise neither party could have had any interest in contesting the probate of the will. The distribution of the personal estate among the legatees was substantially the same as it would have been among the next of kin, if the will had been rejected. The parties were therefore only interested in having the will established or defeated as it affected the real estate; and if the deed executed by the testator to the appellant was to take effect, there was no real estate to be affected by the will. But whatever may have been the object of the parties in contesting the probate of the will, at so great expense, the respondents failed in the contest, and, so far as I can see, are rightfully subjected to the expenses incurred by the appellant in that litigation.
But in respect to the demand of $600 against the appellant, embraced in the receipt of the second of April, 1840,1 think the surrogate has misapprehended the effect of the evidence. That receipt was a solemn recognition of the existence of such a demand. The appellant is presumed to have been fully cognizant of all that the instrument signed by him contained. This item was evidently taken into the account, in the estimates made at the time the will was executed, for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of the legacies which the testator would be able to pay to his children. The testator’s intention manifestly was that the appellant should pay the full amount of those legacies. Hence it was that when he executed the will he not only placed in the hands of the appellant securities, including the $600, sufficient to pay all the legacies, but also expressly charged his real estate with the payment of any deficiency, and then devised all his real estate, subject to such charge, to the appellant. It is quite evident from the tenor of the will, that at the time it was executed, neither the testator nor his children, with the exception, perhaps, of the appellant, understood that the title to his farm was already vested in the appellant. If, in fact, the farm had been so conveyed, and the personal property, too, had already been given to the appellant, there was but little neces*126sity for making a will, for the mere purpose of distributing among the children of the testator in equal proportions the proceeds of the securities he yet held. All the circumstances attending the transactions which occurred at the time the will was executed, tend, in my judgment, to show very satisfactorily, that the appellant, though he had succeeded in having the note he had given for the $600 he owed the testator destroyed, was yet willing to recognize his liability for that amount, for the sake of having a provision inserted in the will, which would at least put at rest his title to the farm and the other property. The appellant now insists that when he signed the receipt he was ignorant that the item of $600 was included in the inventory. Until this is shown, the contrary is to be presumed. The only proof upon which he relies is in the testimony of Thomas Mesick, his son, and Nathaniel Smith, his nephew. Thomas was at the time of the transaction but 16 years old. It is scarcely to be supposed that such a boy, called to testify in relation to such transactions, after the lapse of seven years, would be able to recollect with much distinctness the circumstances which occurred. I can only regard his testimony as amounting to this: that he was at home when the business was done, and present with the parties a part, perhaps most, of the time, and that he has no recollection of hearing the receipt read, or seeing his father sign it. Smith was also a schoolboy at the time, and witnessed the execution of the will. He saw the appellant sign the receipt, at the time the will was executed, but did not hear it read. Such testimony can not be regarded as sufficient to control, in any respect, the effect of the instrument deliberately executed by the appellant. The appellant ought, therefore, to have been charged personally with the $600, and interest thereon from the date of the receipt.
The decree of the surrogate must be modified so as to conform to these views. Neither party should have costs upon the appeal as against the other. ,