It seems to be well settled that where a partnership is carried on in the name of an individual and a suit is brought against the partners upon a note or other obligation signed by such individual, the legal presump tion is that it is the note of the individual- and not of the partners. And the plaintiff, in order to recover against the partners, must not only prove the execution of the note, but go farther and prove either that the money for which the.note was given was borrowed on the credit -of the partnership, or that when obtained it was used in the business of the partnership. (Coll. on Part. 227. Story on Part. § 139. Manufacturers' Bank v. Winship, 5 Pick. 11. Etheridge v. Burney, 9 Id. 272. U. S. Bank v. Burney, 5 Mason 176.) The rule is otherwise where the obligation is made by a member of the firm and appears upon its face to be the obligation of the firm and not of an individual. (Vallett v. Parker, 6 Wend. 615.) If the individual whose name is used declares at the time of the transaction that it is on account of the partnership, that is sufficient to bind the partners. And it would seem from an examination of the reported cases that the legal presumption that the debt is the debt of the individual in whose name the obligation is made, and not of the firm, may be repelled and overcome by proof as to the business in which such person was engaged.
Thus in Mifflin v. Smith (17 Serg. & Rawle, 165,) where it appeared that the usual and regular business of the borrower was on account of the partnership, and that no business was done by him on his own account, except an occasional speculation, it was held that the transaction must be presumed to be on partnership account. So in the case of S. Carolina Bank v. Case, *611(8 Barn & Cres. 427,) where it appeared that the partners were Crowder, Clough, and Prefect, and the name of the firm in England was Crowder, Clough & Co., but in their business in the United States the name of Clough alone was used, and that Clough, while he resided here, never traded or drew or indorsed bills on his own account, but did on account of the firm, it was held under the circumstances that a bill indorsed by Clough here must be regarded as a bill indorsed by the firm.
In the present case it is proved that Kelsey did business and borrowed money on his own account as well as on account of the partnership, and it is not shown that one was not as constant and regular as the other. The plaintiff was a mere accommodation indorser, but it does not appear that he indorsed for the partnership. Kelsey testifies that when the plaintiff indorsed this note with several others in blank he told the plaintiff that they were to be used on his own account, or on that of the partnership, and he does not recollect which. Nothing whatever was said to Champion when he loaned the money upon the draft, on whose account the money was obtained. Nor does it appear that he even knew of the existence of the partnership. There is no evidence therefore in the case to show that the debt was contracted on account of the partnership; and unless it is shown satisfactorily that the money after it was obtained was used in the business of the partners, the relief sought must be denied. The presumption is that it was not so used, and the burthen of proving that it was, is upon the plaintiff. He must prove it as all other facts are proved, before they can be regarded as established, by evidence which places the matter beyond reasonable doubt.
If from the evidence it is doubtful how the money was applied, the plaintiff must fail. Kelsey, who transacted all the business, and who is the only witness, swears expressly that he cannot recollect whether the money raised upon this draft was sent to Beckman on his individual, or on the partnership account. He is .not certain that he sent these funds to Beekman, though that is his impression. But if he did, Beekman was his creditor individually as well as the creditor of the firm, and in the *612absence of satisfactory proof to the contrary the presumption Still continues that they were sent by Kelsey as his own funds and applied as such by his creditor upon his individual debt. Certainly the law affords no presumption, in the absence of proof, either that Kelsey applied his private funds to the payment of partnership debts, or that the creditor without directions So applied them.
There is nothing in the fact that the partnership debt to Beekman was the largest. The law does not regard that circumstance in the application of payments, but where no directions are" given by the debtor and no particular application made by the creditor, it applies them to the oldest demand, without regard to the amount. The witness testified that about the time he obtained the money On the note in question there was a draft of $2500 accepted by Beekman falling due. He testifies unqualifiedly that he cannot recollect what the funds obtained Upon that draft were used for. He does testify, however, that there was an arrangement between him and Beekman that the latter was to accept for the former, to enable him to purchase corn, to he shipped to him, Beekman, to be sold on commission; and that the Corn, had it been purchased, would have been on partnership account. This was within the business of the partnership. These drafts, if drawn and accepted as partnership obligations, being within the scope of the partnership, would be binding on the firm, whether the avails were used in the business of the firm or not. The learned justice before whom this cause was tried has found from the evidence that this $2500 draft was the draft of the firm, and perhaps he was warranted in so finding, although, as he admits, the indications are not of a very decisive nature. He also comes to the conclusion that the note was negotiated to Champion to borrow money to pay this draft. This he must have held to he a legal conclusion from the facts. But unless I have mistaken the facts established, no such legal Conclusion follows. This legal inference Seems to be based upon the simple fact that here Was a partnership debt which had been Contracted and was about to fall due, when the money was borrowed and sent to the creditor. This *613is not enough, in a case like this. Because, as we have seen, We have in the case the additional proof that the person borrowing the money in his own name and who sent it to Beekman, was doing business on his own private account, and owed Beekman at the time individual debts, and is unable to say that he borrowed the money to pay that debt, or whether it was applied upon that debt or upon his private debt.
[Monroe General Term, December 5, 1853.Selden, Johnson and T. R. Strong, Justices.]
I am of opinion therefore that the clear legal presumption is that Kelsey borrowed the money on his own account and applied it in payment of his individual debt, and that there is no proof sufficient to establish the contrary presumption.
Judgment of' the special term reversed.