By the Court,
Mullin, J.The plaintiff proved, on the trial, that he was a constable of the county of Lewis, in November and December, 1860. In November of that year one Biggs applied to a justice of the peace of said county for an attachment, under section 34 of the act to abolish imprisonment for debt, against one Garret Van Koughnet, on a demand arising upon contract. The ground of the application was that Van Koughnet was a non-resident of the county of Lewds. A bond ivas given as required by the act; an attachment was issued and delivered to the plaintiff, who subsequently made return thereto as follows: “By virtue of the within attachment I did, on the 22d of November, 1860, attach and take into my custody the goods and chattels mentioned in an inventory of which the annexed is a copy, and immediately, on the same day, I made an inventory of the property seized, and because the defendant could not be found in the county of Lewis, I left a copy of the within attachment and of the said inventory, duly certified by me, at the last place of residence of the said defendant. Said copy of attachment was not personally served on said defendant.”
The service was made on the 22d of November. Oñ the 26th, the defendant not appearing, the justice issued a summons against Van Koughnet, returnable on the 28th. This summons was returned that the defendant could not be found, after diligent search.- On said last'mentioned day, the defendant not appearing, the plaintiff:' Biggs proved his demand, and a.judgment was rendered against Van Koughnet, and subsequently an execution-was issued thereon, which was delivered to the plaintiff and by him levied on the property seized on the attachment. Such *437levy was made on the 28th of November. On the 6th of December, the defendant in this suit procured an attachment from the county judge of Lewis county, in an action then pending in the Supreme Court, against the property of said Van Koughnet, which was levied on the same day by the special deputy of the sheriff) on the same property seized by the plaintiff in this suit, and the defendants caused the said property to be removed from the custody of the plaintiff to a place designated by them. The plaintiff afterwards demanded the property by virtue of the execution, which being refused, this action wasbrought.
On the trial the plaintiff was nonsuited, on the ground that he did not, in his return to the attachment, state that he left a copy of the attachment and inventory with the person in whose possession the property .attached was found. The plaintiff offered to prove that the property was not found in the possession of any person, which evidence was rejected.
The only question arising on this appeal is, whether the justice issuing the execution, by virtue of which the plaintiff claimed the property, did not lose jurisdiction by reason of the omission of the officer to make the return above mentioned. It cannot be doubted but that the justice acquired jurisdiction to issue the attachment in favor of Diggs; nor but that the plaintiff) by virtue of the levy thereon, acquired, if his return was not defective, such a special property in the goods as would enable him to recover their value against any person illegally appropriating them. (Van Loan v. Kline, 10 John. 129. 12 Wend. 153.) But the attachment and levy, by virtue thereof, cease to bind the goods, and of course the title of the officer levying determines when a judgment is recovered and a levy made on the same goods by virtue of an execution issued thereon. (Sterling v. Welcome, 20 Wend. 238.) The object of the attachment is to seize and hold the goods until the creditor shall have had oppor*438.tunity to try the question of indebtedness with his debtor, and to obtain an execution upon the'judgment, if one is rendered in his favor. After the levy on the execution, the officer holds the goods by virtue of it and hot by virtue of the attachment, except so far as the priority of levy on the attachment enures in. favor of the execution. The validity of the attachment, and of the levy thereon, does not entitle the plaintiff to recover in this case, because when the defendants caused the property to be seized, the plaintiff held by virtue of the levy on the execution. The defendants were not mere strangers ; they, were' creditors of Van Koughnet, and rest their right to the property on attachments issued in an action in this court, and their title is not impaired by reason of defects, if any, in the proceedings to procure the attachment. The court having jurisdiction of the subject matter, defects, if any exist, are amendable, and do not render void the proceedings.
Let us now proceed to inquire, 1st. Whether the return of the plaintiff’ to the attachment was defective; and, 2d. Whether such defect deprived the justice of jurisdiction, and thereby rendered void the execution and levy thereon.. The attachment on-which, the plaintiff relies was issued under the 32d section of the non-imprisonment act, and on the ground that the plaintiff was a' non-resident of the county. By section 36 of the same act it is provided that the attachment issued by virtue of said act shall be served in the manner provided for the service of attachments under title 4, article 2 of chapter 2, part 3 of the Revised Statutes. By sections 29; 30 of the title referred to, it is provided that the constable shall execute the same by attaching and taking into his custody such part of the goods of the defendant as shall not be exempt from execution, and as shall be sufficient to satisfy the plaintiff’s demand ; make, an inventory thereof, and leave a copy of the attachment and of the inventory certified by him, at the last place of residence of the defendant; but if the de*439fendant has no place of residence in the county where the goods, &c., are attached, such, copy and inventory shall be left with the person in whose possession the goods, &c., are found. Section 36'of the non-imprisonment act provides that if thé'defendant can be found in the county, the copy of the attachment and inventory shall be served on him personally, and the return shall state specifically whether such copy was or was not personally served on the defendant. Section 37 o'f said act declares that if the attachment, issued in one of the cases provided for in said act, is personally served, the justice, on the return day, shall proceed to hear and determine the cause in the same manner as upon a summons returned personally served. But if (§ 38) the attachment and inventory are returned not personally served, and the defendant does not appear, the plaintiff may take out a summons against the defendant, and if such summons be returned that the defendant cannot be found after diligent inquiry, the justice shall proceed to hear the case as upon a summons returned personally served.
The plaintiff established, by his .affidavit, to the satisfaction of the justice, that Van Koughnet was a non-resident; he could not, therefore, have a residence in said county. The plaintiff probably did not know upon what ground the attachment was issued, and did not know, officially, that Van Koughnet was anon-resident. But on the facts before us we must assume that when he went into the neighborhood where Van Koughnet had formerly resided, to inquire for him, he ascertained that he was not a resident of the county; at least we must presume that he ascertained that he had not then a residence in the county, and thus the case arose in which the statute required the copy of the attachment and inventory to be left with the person in whose custody the goods were found. This was not done;_ the service was therefore defective. It is true that the statute permits the officer to *440serve the attachment by leaving a copy at the last place of residence of the debtor, and he is not bound to leave copies with the person in whose possession the goods are found, except when the defendant has no place of resit dence in the county, and that it is left to the officer to determine which mode of service he will adopt,, and having taken one, the argument is, that the facts did not exist which justified the other. But we must have regard to' the subject matter' of the statutes, in construing them. "We are dealing with an attachment issued under the non-imprisonment act. That act authorizes an attachment to issue on proof of non-residence. Eon-residence was not ground for issuing an attachment under the Revised Statutes in force when the non-imprisonment act went into operation. ' Under the Revised Statutes, an attachment, might issue against a debtor- who "had departed or was about to depart the county, or kept himself concealed, therein, with intent to defraud his creditors. Such a debtor might well have a residence in the county; at least he could have a last place of residence, at which, copies of attachment might be left. But in the case of a man who had openly and publicly removed from the. county, into another, in which he became a resident, it would be absurd to say that the legislature intended to permit Service" to be made upon him by leaving papers at his last place, of residence. To permit such a mode of service against a non-resident, would lead to the grossest abuses. It seems to - me, therefore, that in cases- of non-residents the attachment, &c., must be served by leaving them with the person in possesssion of the goods. But it is. asked how the officer is to determine whether the defendant is a non-resident or absconding debtor ? I answer, 1st. Er.om the affidavit on which the process issues; 2d; By finding or failing to find the residence of the debtor in. his county. If he find none, then he serves by delivering to the person in possession of the goods; if he find a residence, he *441serves by leaving the copies there. There is no risk incurred by the officer. The rules prescribed for the service are plain and intelligible, and easily complied with. The return of the plaintiff in this case designates the place where he left the copies of the papers, as the late residence of the debtor, showing quite clearly that it was not his residence at the time of the service.
It is further urged, in support of the return, that it is not to be presumed that the property was found in the possession of any person, and if not in some one’s possession the officer could not serve the attachment otherwise than by leaving it at the last place of residence. Part of this property attached was found in a barn, and another part in an uninhabited dwelling, if I recollect the evidence correctly. It was shown that the goods were not in the actual possession of any person, that is, no.one lived on the premises on which they were found. Title to real estate draws after it the right to the possession, and the one entitled to the possession of the soil is to be deemed in the actual possession for all the purposes of protecting the property when the right of action rests on possession. The possession in such a case is said to be a possession in law, as distinguished from possession in fact. (Jacob’s Law Dic. tit. Possession.) So the owner of personal estate may sue for an injury to it, although it has never been in his possession. The bailee entitled to the possession merely may also sue; so may the finder. (1 Chitty’s Pl. 167,168.) The owner of the premises on which the property was stored was in possession of it, and entitled, on such possession, to resist a mere wrongdoer. But naked possession, without any interest in, or right over the property, is all that the statute requires, in order to make it the duty of the constable to serve on the one thus having the possession. There must have been some person who was in the possession of the goods, and whoever that was, it was the duty of the officer to se^e on him; and not *442having done so, it seems to me that the service of the attachment was not in accordance with the statute.
Let us next inquire what effect, if any, this defect in the service and return had on the lien of the attachment and subsequent proceedings before the justice. The rule applicable to all inferior and limited tribunals is, that their jurisdiction is never presumed, but on'the contrary, must be alleged and proved. When the jurisdiction of the court or officer is made to depend on the return of process in a given form, or proof of a particular fact, and the return is not substantially in the form prescribed, or the fact is hot proved, the court or officer does not acquire jurisdiction, and the proceedings are utterly void. (Cleveland v. Rogers, 6 Wend. 438. Miller v. Brinkerhoff, 4 Denio, 118. Willard v. Sperry, 16 John. 121. Vosburgh v. Welch, 11 id. 175. Davis v. Marshall, 14 Barb. 96. Adkins v. Brewer, 3 Cowen, 206. Bigelow v. Stearns, 19 John. 39, and cases cited in dissenting opinion of Bronson, J., in Hoose v. Sherrill, 16 Wend. 36.)
By the 38th section of the non-imprisonment act, it is provided that if, at the return day of the attachment, it shall appear by the return that property was attached, and that a copy of the attachment, &c., was not personally served, the justice may issue summons, &c., and on the return of the officer enter judgment. It cannot appear that property is attached unless the attachment has been served, and returned as required by the statute. Unless property is shown- to the justice to have be.en attached, he- has no right to proceed to issue further process, to enter judgment' or to issue execution.
It only remains to inquire whether the defendants were precluded from, asserting the illegality of the proceedings in this action brought against them, or in other words, ’whether they are voidable merely, and only subject to correction on review of the proceedings before the justice, or void and assailable in a collateral action. It would be an *443endless labor to enter into an examination of the cases with a view to reconcile the conflict between the courts of England and America, and between the decisions of the same court, in both countries. I think it will be found to be a universal rule, that when the defendant in the proceedings in controversy has never been personally, served, nor appeared, and there is a defect in jurisdiction, it is fatal, and can be taken advantage of by any person interested in or affected by them. When the service is personal, it has been held, in one or two cases, that if the defendant does not appear he loses the right to object to the defect of'jurisdiction, in a collateral action. (Hoose v. Sherrill, 16 Wend. 33. Bromley v. Smith, 2 Hill, 517.) And when the party appears and does not object, he waives all objection, and his appearance confers jurisdiction. But in this case there is no personal service to cure defects of jurisdiction. The levying of the attachment was a proceeding in rem¡ and it was complete when the levy and a. proper return were made.. The subsequent proceedings to obtain a judgment depend, for their validity, on that of the proceedings under the attachment; and a creditor who, subsequent to the attachment, acquires a lien upon or interest in the property, has a right to insist that the- prior attaching creditor shall show a valid right to appropriate the property. This he can only do by showing his proceedings to be in conformity to the requirements of the statute. This the plaintiff has not done, and he cannot hold the property against a subsequent attaching creditor.
[Oswego General Term, July 8, 1862.Bacon, Mullin and Morgan, Justices.]
The judgment should therefore be affirmed.
Morgan, J., dissented.
Judgment affirmed.