The count in question avers
that the words, “ There is poor Harris; it is hard for him to lose his debt,” were spoken in a conversation concerning the plaintiff as a merchant, and of his business and the state of his circumstances, and of a sum of money due by him to Harris ; innuendo, that the plaintiff was insolvent, *and unable to pay the debt, and that Harris would lose it in consequence of the plaintiff’s insolvency. [1] After ver*658diet, we must intend that the words were spoken with the meaning imputed by the innuendo, which, we think, is the *658-1only meaning that could naturally be given by the pleader, ■upon the circumstances and colloquium disclosed. The charge was equivalent to saying, Harris will lose his debt, because the plaintiff is unable to pay it. Such words said of a merchant are actionable. [2] The motion in arrest is not well founded.
Motion denied.
An innuendo is frequently necessary, where the language of the defendant is apparently innocent and inoffensive, but where, nevertheless, by virtue of its connection with known collateral circumstances, it conveys a latent and injurious imputation.
Where, from the ambiguity of the defendant’s expressions, it is doubtful who was meant, it is the proper office of the innuendo to render the allusion clear, by specifically pointing out the meaning. As where but one or two letters of the name are expressed, or the plaintiff is libelled under a fictitious or borrowed name, or where the libel is couched under a fable or allegory, whose tendency and meaning it is necessary to explain by reference. Thus, in the case of Sir Miles Fleetwood v. Curl, (Cro. J., 557; 2 Roll. Rep. 148,) the plaintiff was receiver of the court of wards, and the words were laid in the declaration, with an innuendo, as follows: “Mr. Deceiver (meaning the plaintiff) hath deceived the king.” It was assigned for error, that the innuendo could not be supported, but the court held that it was well applied.
*658So, in an information against Clerk, (Barnard K. B. 304; Dig. L. L., 24;) for publishing a libel in “Mist’s Journal,” it was shown by proper averments and innuendos, that in a pretended piece of Persian history, the king and several other members of the royal family had been libelled, and that the king was represented under that of the name of Merewits, the Queen under that of Sultana, and that the character of the young Sophia was intended for the pretender.
In Baxter's case, (3 Mod. 69,) it was shown that by the word “ bishops,” the Bishops of England, (3 Bac. Ab. 454,) were meant; in the King v. Franklin, that by “ ministers,” were meant the ministers of the King of England. (11 Mod. 99.)
In an action for charging the plaintiff with having said that he could see no probability of the war’s ending with France until the little gentleman on the other side of the water (innuendo the Prince of Wales) was restored to his rights, the court held, that this was certain enough, even without an innuendo.
In Tutchin's case, (5 St. T. 590; 3 Ann. 1704,) the introductory part of the information stated, that the libel was written concerning the royal navy of this kingdom, and the government of the said navy. One part of the libel was, “ the mismanagement of the navy (innuendo the royal navy of this kingdom) have been a greater tax upon the merchants than the duties raised by parliament.” And it was held, that “the navy" was well connected, by means of the innuendo, with the royal navy mentioned in the introductory part.
In the King v. Mathews, (9 St. T. R. 682,) the information in the introductory part charged the libel to have been written “ of and concerning the pretender, and concerning his right to the crown of Great Britain.”
The words of the libel were, “from the solemnity of the Chevalier’s birth, and if hereditary right be any recommendation, he has that to plead in his favor.” And it was held, that the innuendos in the body of the-libel, explaining the words to mean the pretender, and his hereditary right to the crown of Great Britain, were, when connected with the previous averments, sufficient to verify the charge.
The most important rule of law relating to this species of averment is, that its office is merely to explain by pointing out the defendant’s allusion, and that it can in no case be allowed to introduce new matter. And the reason for this is a most substantial one; for were it otherwise, there would be no sufficient and distinct averment of the existence of those facts which in point of law are essential to render the words actionable. For instance, suppose the defendant had said, “you are forsworn,” which words would not be actionable, unless spoken (Holt v. Scholefield, 6 T. R. 691,) with reference to a judicial oath, if the plaintiff averred by way of innuendo, and without reference to antecedent matter, meaning thereby “ that he, the said plaintiff, was forsworn in a court of record,” or meaning thereby “ that he, the said plaintiff, was perjured;” the averment would involve a question of law, and *658-1the jury would have to decide upon evidence, whether the forswearing did in law amount to perjury, and the question would not be open to the court upon the record; and besides this, that clearness and precision would be wanting which is essential to a legal and technical statement of the case.
In the King v. Horne, (2 Cowp. 683,) De Grey, C. J., observed, “ in the case of a libel, which does not in itself contain the crime without some extrinsic aid, it is necessary that it should be put upon the record by way of introduction, if it is new matter; or by way of innuendo, if it is only matter of explanation. Eor an innuendo mean# no more than the words ‘id est,’ scilicet,’or * meaning',’ or ‘ aforesaid,’ as explanatory of a subject matter sufficiently expressed before; as such a one, meaning the defendant; or such a subject, meaning the subject in question.”
An innuendo, therefore, cannot extend the sense of the words beyond thejr own meaning, unless something be put upon the record for it to explain. (Recognized in Van Vechten v. Hopkins, 5 Johns. R. 220; McClaaghry v. Wetmore, 6 Id. 83; and Thomas v. Croswell, 7 Id. 271.)
As, in an action upon the case against a man, for saying of another’, (Barham’s case, 4 Co. 20,) “he has burnt my barnthe plaintiff cannot there say, “innuendo a barn with corn,” because that is not an explanation of what was said before, but an addition to it..
But if) in the introduction, it had been averred that the defendant had a barn full of corn, and that in a discourse about that barn, the defendant had spoken the words charged in the declaration of the plaintiff) an innuendo of its being the barn full of corn would have been good; for, by coupling the innuendo in the libel with the introductory averment, “ his barn iull of corn,” it would have made the sense complete.
An innuendo can in no case supply the want of a proper colloquium. 1 Starkie on Slander, p. 372, et seq.
To maintain an action for words spoken, on the ground that they were injurious to the plaintiff in his business or occupation, the words must relate to his business character, and must impute to him misconduct in that character. Ireland v. McGarvish, 1 Sandf. 155.
Where the words are spoken, not of the trader or manufacturer, but of the quality of the articles made or dealt in, to render them actionable, per se, they must import that the plaintiff is guilty of deceit or mnl-practice in the making or vending, or of a want of skill in the manufacturing of the articles. Tobias v. Harland, 4 Wen. 537.
A defendant who couches his slander in ambiguous terms, in the hope of *658-2Blasting the reputation of his neighbor without incurring legal responsibility, is net entitled to an indulgent construction of his words, either from the court or the jury. Gibson v. Williams, 4 Wen. 320.
Where, in answer to an inquiry, “ were there any failures yesterday ?" it was said, “ not that I know ofj but I understand that there is trouble with the Messrs. S.it was held that such words, being spoken of the plaintiffs as merchants, were actionable in themselves. Sewall v. Catlin, 3 Wen. 291.
Any words which in common acceptation imply a want of credit or responsibility, when spoken of a merchant, are actionable. Ib.
A bank director is not justified in making a communication to a co-director in the public streets, affecting the credit or responsibility of a merchant, where there is no evidence of such communication being confidential. At a meeting of the board of directors, he would be justified in communicating to his associates any report which he may have heard in relation to the solvency or circumstances of customers of the bank, or probably of any other person; his motive in such case would be presumed to be innocent, which presumption could only be repelled by proof of express malice. Ib.
Where words are actionable only on account of the official or professional character of the plaintiff, it is not enough that they tend to injure him in his office or calling, but they must relate to his official or business character, and impute misconduct to him in that character. Van Tassel v. Capron, 1 Denio, 250.
To say of a blacksmith, in relation to his business and trade, “ he keeps false books, and I can prove it,” is actionable. Burtch v. Nickerson, 17 Wen. J. R. 217.
It seems that to say of a merchant, “ you keep false books, and I can prove it,” is actionable. Backus v. Richardson, 5 J. R. 476.
The words “ he will be a bankrupt in six months,” are actionable per se. Else v. Ferris, A. N. P. 23. (N. Y. Dig., vol. 4, tit. Slander, p. 1129, et seq.)