The Tonawanda reservation, is a tract of land situate in the county of Genesee, well known as such, and as well defined in its location and boundaries by that description as any tract or lot of land in any other part of the state, is known by the number of lots, &c., from which tract by the terms of the rule of the 6th of March, the writ of alternative mandamus should have commanded the judge to issue his warrant to remove the intruders therein complained of. The writ fails to designate that reservation as the premises upon which the persons complained of had intruded. It commands the judge to issue his warrant to the sheriff of Genesee county, commanding him &c. to remove the persons complained of (not from the Tonawanda reservation but) from lands belonging to or occupied by the Tonawanda Indians within the limits of the county of Genesee¡ a clear departure from the terms of the rule in the description of the premises upon which the intrusion complained of had been made, and upon which the judge was required to issue his warrant to remove such intruders; the writ in this respect is clearly bad, not only as unauthorized by the rule, but if the command of the writ should be complied with by the judge, his warrant could not be executed, unless indeed it could be supposed that the sheriff knew the particular lands belonging to or occupied by the Tonawanda Indians within his *189county. The writ should have commanded the judge to issue his warrant, &c. to remove the intruders from the lands known and described as the “ Tonawanda reservation ” within the county of Genesee. This proceeding is supposed to be authorized by the provisions of the statute passed 31st March 1821 (See Session Laws 1821, p. 183). The 1st § of the act declares that “ it shall be unlawful for any person or persons other than Indians, to settle or reside upon any lands belonging to or occupied by any nation or tribe of Indians within this state; and that all leases, contracts and agreements made by any Indians, whereby any person or persons other than Indians shall be permitted to reside upon such lands, shall be absolutely void; and if any person or persons shall settle or reside on any lands contrary to this act, it shall be the duty of any judge of any court of common pleas of the county within which such lands shall be situated, on complaint made to him, and on due proof of the fact of such settlement or residence, to issue his warrant under his hand and seal, directed to the sheriffof such county, commanding him, within ten days after the recej^framiS^ror^move such person or persons so settling or residin^vt^lrnis, nenb&tleir families, from such lands.” It is made the dutyjhf the^WjfF to exjcute such warrant. By the 5th and 6th sections of i^ls’proviflfed “ that it shall be the duty of the district attorney^ resMdyehr-nL.tha;several counties in this state in which any lands belonging to’any Indj/n tribe shall be situated, (among other things) to make'CtriS^krt of all intrusions upon Indian lands, forbidden by the act; and from time to time to make inquiries whether any persons other than Indians are settled upon such lands, and to cause them to be removed in the manner therein prescribed.” It is objected that the relator, John Blacksmith, described in the rule as “ one of the chiefs of the Seneca nation of Indians, residing on the Tonawanda reservation,” and in the writ “ a chief of the Tonawanda Indians,” shows no title either to appear as relator, or to claim the relief prayed for. In a matter of public right, any citizen of the state may be a relator in an application for a mandamus (when that is the appropriate remedy), to enforce the execution of the common law, or of an act of the legislature. It is otherwise in cases of private or corporate rights: there the title to relief at the suit of the relator must appear, or the application will not be heard (The People vs. Collins and others, 19 Wend. 56). I am of opinion that by the terms and spirit of the statute under which this proceeding has been had, no other than the district attorney of the county of Genesee (in which the lands intruded upon are situated) could regularly be a relator. The remedy for the act complained of is provided by the *190statute, as well as the officers to carry it into execution. It is made the duty of the district attorney to make complaint of all intrusions upon Indian lands forbidden by the act, and from time to make inquiries whether any persons other than Indians are settled upon such lands, and to cause them to be removed in the manner therein prescribed. Without the act, John Blacksmith or any other person could not claim such summary proceedings to remove intruders upon Indian lands; and vñth the act, no other person is authorized by its provisions to make complaint of such intrusions, or to cause the intruders to be removed, but the district attorney of the county in which the lands are situated. It is also insisted that the writ has been improvidently issued, on the ground that it is not the appropriate remedy to correct the error of Judge Tracy in refusing to issue his warrant, having heard the proof offered of the fact of settlement or residence, by the persons complained of, upon lands belonging to or occupied by the Tonawanda Indians. It will be seen by the provisions of the act, that the following facts must be duly proved to or before the judge, before he is ever authorized to issue his warrant. That there were lands situated in the county of Genesee, belonging to or occupied by a nation or tribe of Indians; that some person or persons other than Indians had settled on or resided on some part of such lands. The proof made to or before the judge, consisted of the affidavit of one Parker, in which he swore “ that the following persons other than Indians are settled or reside on the Tonawanda reservation, on lands owned and occupied by the Tonawanda Indians, in the county of Genesee, to wit : (naming several persons); and that the following aforenamed persons are settled upon said lands by consent of such Indians, to wit : (naming several of such persons); that he is informed and believes that (naming five persons) claim under contracts or agreements or lease from third persons, and not said Indians, as this deponent is informed and believes.” This is the substance of the proof made before the judge, upon the complaint made by the district attorney. The judge refused to issue his warrant to remove the persons complained of. Can it be said that this affidavit furnished to the judge “ due proof of the fact of such settlement or residence ” 1 The deponent Parker does not profess to have any knowledge of the fact: he swore to nothing beyond information and belief. In my opinion the judge evinced a sound judgment, in deciding against the application founded upon that proof, as falling far short of the proof required by the statute. And besides I am constrained to say, that from the best consideration of the case that I am able to give, I am of opinion that the decision of the judge in this case, if erroneous, can not be cor*191rected by mandamus, the judge in his refusal acted judicially. The people ex rel. Doughty vs. the judges of Dutchess common pleas, 20 Wend., 658, and the cases there cited. Several other questions have been raised on the argument of this motion, but which I forbear to consider, as unnecessary, having come to the conclusion upon the examination of the question already considered, that the rule of the 6th of March last and all subsequent proceedings therein, should be vacated and set aside, and that the writ of alternative mandamus should be quashed ; but without costs to either party as against the other.
Rule accordingly.