Spalbergh agt. Walrod, (1 John. Cases, 162,1799.) Under the law as it then stood, a defendant found guilty in an action of trespass, quare clausum fregit, was liable to costs, although the recovery was only flO, and although a count for assault, &c., was joined with the other count. The act then in force allowed costs to. the successful party in any action concerning any freehold or title of land. (Laws, 1787; 1 Greenleaf, 313, § 41.)
The law was changed in 1801, (1 R. L. 1801, 529, § 4,) and the plaintiff was.not entitled to' any costs in a personal action prosecuted in the supreme court, if he recovered less than $50, with a proviso that that rule should not apply “ where the freehold, or title to lands or tenements, should in anywise come in question.” And by § 6, (p. 530,) if the recovery was under $5, the plaintiff could, recover no more costs than damages, unless the judge certified that the freehold or title to the land was chiefly in question. In Heaton agt. Ferris, (1 J. R. 146, 1806,) it was held that the title came in question when the controversy was, whether the defendant had' a right of way or not over lands admitted to be • the plaintiff’s, (2 Caines, 220,) and that the certificate could be given after the trial; or when the question was whether the defendant had a right by *409prescription to overflow the plaintiff’s lands. (Eustace agt. Tuthill, 2 J. R. 185, 1807.)
In Sing agt. Annin, (10 J- R. 302, 1811.) In an action of trespass gmtre clausum firegit, in (he common pleas court, the defendant pleaded that the fences were insufficient, and it was certified that the trespass was not wilful, and that the title did not come in question; and the defendant had costs, although the plaintiff recovered $1 damages, and the supreme court affirmed the judgment.
The act of 1813, (1 R. L. p. 343-4, § 4,) left § 4 as before; and the court held that in an action for mesne profits, after the trial of an ejectment suit, the title did not necessarily come in question, and that the plaintiff was entitled to recover from the time of the demise laid in the ejectment suit, and only need prove his title, if he claimed' damages for occupation prior to that time. That £< if the plaintiff’s title cannot be disputed, it cannot be said that the title comes in question within the sense of the term, as used in the statute—which must mean that it was controverted, or denied by the defendantand that, without the certificate of the judge, the plaintiff could not recover costs if he recovered less than $50. (Jackson agt. Randall, 11 J. R. 405, 1814.)
In Tuncliff agt. Lawyer, (3 Cow. 382,) the court held that it was enough, to entitle the plaintiff to full costs, that the defendant offered evidence pertinent to the question of title, although it were only intended to make out a eight by prescrip- . tion to overflow the plaintiff’s lands. (See 1 B. & P. 400.)
In Rogers agt. M‘ Gregor, (4 Cow. 531,) the judge certified that the title to land came in question, and the plaintiff was held entitled to single costs. ■
In Hubbell agt. Rochester, (8 Cow. 115,) in trespass, for cutting timber on wild and unoccupied lands, it became necessary for the plaintiff, in order to establish a constructive possession in himself, to show his title j but the defendant admitted the title at the trial. The court considered that it was necessary' for the plaintiff to come to trial prepared to prove his title, and *410that the defendant’s admission at the trial could not vary the plaintiff’s right to costs; and that the title was in question.
Radley agt. Brice, (6 Wend. 539.) Trespass for taking timber. The defendant gave notice of justification, and endeavored to prove a right of common of estovers as a tenant. The plaintiff was held to' be entitled to full costs.
Brown agt. Majors, (7 Wend. 495.) The case of Hubbell agt. Rochester was explained; and it was said to rest on the ground that the lands were wild, and that it was necessary to show title in order to establish a constructive possession, and that the plaintiff could not have sued in a justice’s court. But the court here held, that the plaintiff being in possession of a small lot of three-fourths of an acre, occupying part of it with buildings, and the rest of it, on which the trespass was com mitted, being unenclosed, and not used for any purpose, he could not recover costs—not recovering more than $50 damages. In this case, as part was not enclosed, the possession of that, probably, was shown only by showing title in- it in common with the unoccupied part.
Chandler agt. Duane, (10 Wend. 563.) There was a parol license to overflow the plaintiff’s lands set up, but not a claim of right to continue to overflow it. It was held, the title to lands did not come in question, and the plaintiff could not recover costs. The title was not disputed, still the plaintiff may have had need of proving his title: his possession prior to the overflowing, or a title prior to that, he must have proved.
Judges of Oneida Common Pleas agt. The People, (18 Wend. 79.) The judgment of the supreme court, in granting a mandamus to the common pleas to compel them to vacate an order for costs, was reversed; but only on the ground that the supreme court could not interfere with this interlocutory order of the common pleas by mandamus. The decision of the supreme court is authority, except on this point. That court held, that the plaintiff, having proved that the logs in question belonged to her, and were delivered to the defendant to be sawed, although she chose to go on and prove afterwards that the lands from which the logs were cut had been assigned to her for her *411dower, was not entitled, to costs; and that the title to land did not necessarily come in question. They said it would have come in question if the defendant had claimed title under the heir, at law—then the widow might have been obliged to show the assignment of dower to her; but that the possession of the plaintiff for nine years was enough, without showing title.
The chancellor doubted the correctness of this decision; but the decision was not put on the ground taken by him. (See p. 106.)
People ex rel. Fryer agt..New-York Common Pleas, (18 Wend. 579.) A defendant setting up a parol license to enter the plaintiff’s lands to open a drain through it, does not put the title in question.
Wickham agt. Seely, (18 Wend. 649.) The plaintiff sued in trespass, for entering his unenclosed, unoccupied, and uncultivated lot of land, covered with water, of which he had no actual possession, called Wickham’s pond, and for fishing in it. The defendant pleaded a license. The recovery was $45 for the plaintiff; and it was held that the defendant was entitled to costs; and that costs would not be allowed here, merely because a justice might not have had jurisdiction of the case; but that the title did not come in question on a plea of license, although it might be in question if the defendant had merely pleaded not guilty, as that might involve denial of the title, the lands being unoccupied.
Ehle, &c., agt. Quaclcenbos, (6 Hill, 537.) Trespass in a justice’s court, for breaking the plaintiff’s close. Defendant gave notice that he would prove that he was in occupation under license from the owner. Plaintiffs proved their possession, and defendant offered to show that he lived on the farm at the time of the alleged trespass, and did for some time before. The justice rejected the evidence, on the ground that it would raise a question of title. His judgment was reversed. The court said, that “ if the defendant was in actual possession, as he offered to show, that was of course fatal to the plaintiff’s action;” and that “the proposed testimony related to the fact of possession irrespective of title, and should have been re*412ceived.” “The term title, as used in the statute, does not embrace the fact of possession, nor any right founded on possession alone.” “ It is limited to the right of possession.” “A question of mere possession is not one of titlethat “ the justice properly received evidence tending to establish the plaintiffs’ possession; but he erred in overruling the defendant’s offer to disprove what the plaintiffs had thus attempted to es- • tablish.”
Doolittle agt. Eddy, (7 Barb. 74,) decides, that if there be a contract for the sale of lands, with a clause that the vendor may re-enter on any default of payment—this implies that the vendee may enter, but gives him only a license to enter, not a right to the lands; and that, on any default, the vendor may re-enter; and that, in trespass against the vendor for entering, he could show this right to enter, and that the title to lands did not come in question—the plaintiff’s right being a mere license, revocable on any default, and the only question between the parties being, whether there was a default or not.
Dunckel agt. Farley, (1 How. 180.) jfrespass on wild lands; plea, not guilty. The court held that, under this plea, the defendant “ put in issue not only the fact of the trespass, but also the title, whether freehold or possessory, and cited, among' other cases, Hubbell agt. Rochester, (8 Cow. 115 ;) and that the • title to land was thus put in issue hy the pleadings. The circuit judge also certified that the title came in question on the trial, and it was held this was proper, although the defendant admitted the title when the plaintiff was about to prove it.
Burhans agt. Tibbitts, (7 How. 74.) Trespass for entering lands and taking personal property. Thewerdict for the plaintiff, fifty cents for the personal property, but that the title to the lands wras in the defendant. It was held that, although the title to lands came in question, yet, as that title was found to be in the defendant, he should not pay, but should recover costs, although the plaintiff on the other issue recovered fifty cents.
Launits agt. Barnum, (4 Sand. 637.) Trespass for injury to a house :—answer, setting up a license from-a tenant:—reply, *413that the' tenant hád no right to give consent. Judgment for plaintiff, six cents—the tenant not having- such right. Held, that the plaintiff w.as not entitled to costs; that the title to lands did not come in question, although a right to give a license did.
O' Reilly agt. Davies, (4 Sand. 722.) Trespass on lands:— answer, contract of defendant with plaintiff to blast rock on the lands :—reply, that defendant was not to blast unless certain other things were first done : and judgment for plaintiff $49.33, because those things were not done. Defendant had costs. It was held, the title was not put i-n question: a license only was set up. The court say, the- fact that the plaintiff’s lots were vacant and unoccupied, gives him no right to costs. The rule on which he relies was applied to wild lands under the old system of pleading; but it is now inapplicable, because, if the defendant do not, in his' answer, deny the plaintiff’s possession or title, he need give no proof on the subject. Here neither was denied; so that no proof of title became necessary in consequence of the land being unoccupied. The cases cited show, that where the possession of wild land is put in issue, the title is also in issue; because the plaintiff, to show possession, must prove his title.’
Powell agt. Rust, (1 Code Rep. N. S. 172.) Action, tres-, pass':—answer, that defendant conveyed the land to the plain-tiff; but, in a separate instrument, reserved to himself shrubbery, vines, &c. Reply. The court held the issue to be, whether the vines were the property of defendant or of plaintiff ; and that, as they were part of the freehold, it was a question of title to land.
The result of the cases seems to be, that under the old sys-, tem of pleading, if the lands were wild, the plaintiff could not prove his possession without proving his title; and that therefore the title to the land would be in controversy in the case of such lands, whenever the possession was in controversy.
But if the lands were not wild, although they were unoccupied, proof of title would not be necessary in proving implied possession.
*414That, under the old system of pleading, a defendant in trespass put in issue the right to the possession as well as the fact of possession; and, because the right was thus put in issue, the title to the land was in question.
But, under the present system, nothing is in issue but what the answer puts in issue; and if it does not put in issue the right to the possession, but only the fact of the possession, the title to the land is not in question.
If the answer does not raise the question, the proofs cannot; unless, from the circumstances of the case, the fact of possession could not be proved without proving a right to the possession.
In this case the plaintiff, in his complaint, did not rely on his title to the land, but on his possession of it merely; and that he alleged not to be a possession, as implied, from ownership, but a possession in fact by his servants in his employ. •
He proved such a possession, showing that a painter had received the keys of the house from him, and opened the house every morning, and closed it every evening. This proved his possession as alleged; and although he also showed his title-deeds, that was superfluous; and the defendant insisted that they should not be introduced, as the title was not in question. The proof of a title not necessary for the plaintiff’s case, not alleged in the pleadings, and not controverted there, and not disputed at the trial, although allowed by the judge ex abundanti cautela, that the plaintiff might be allowed to make his case as strong as possible, should not be allowed to give the plaintiff costs, as if the defendant had questioned his title to the lands.
The lease to Reed was not questioned: the plaintiff, as his landlord, claimed the range which he had put in—and the defendant claimed it as not passing to the landlord. It was a question whether the range was personal or real property—not a question of title to real property.
The proof by the plaintiff, that Reed owned other real estate than the locus in quo, was offered, to show that Reed did not mean to say that he owned the locus in quo, but. the other land, and so to excuse the alleged false representation, by which he *415obtained possession of the range from the owner. That is not a ease of title to lands being in question under the statute as to costs. The statute means a contested title as to some particular lands, which the plaintiff claims title to.
I must decline giving a certificate that the title to lands came in question on the trial.