It is provided by section 41 of the Revised Statutes (vol. 1, page 826, 5th ed. R. S.), that every person chosen collector shall execute, within eight days after he receives notice of. the amount of taxes to be collected by him, to the supervisor of the town, and lodge with him, a bond, with one or more sureties, to he approved of by such supervisor in double the amount of such taxes, conditioned for the faithful execution of his duties as such collector.
Section 42 provides that the supervisor shall file such bond with his approval indorsed thereon, in the office of the county clerk, who shall make an entry thereof in a book provided for that purpose, “in the same manner in which judgments are entered of record; and every such bond shall be a lien on all the real estate, held jointly or severally by the collector or his sureties within the county at the time of filing thereof; and shall continue to be such lien till its condition, together with all costs and charges that may accrue by the ¡prosecution thereof, shall be fully satisfied.”
The bond provided for by these sections is given to secure to the state and the public the taxes collected in pursuance of law for public purposes. Such bonds are given every year in every town and ward, and their general nature and effect must be quite familiar to citizens, and presumptively *390well understood by the collector and his sureties, joining with him for the purpose of enabling him to receive the assessment roll and warrant, and to secure the interests of the public.
From the evidence it is apparent that each of the persons who signed the bond knew that Phillips was supervisor of the Fourth ward, and as such had possession of the roll and warrant, and that to enable the collector to get possession of them and proceed with the collection of the taxes, the bond in suit was required and given; that such bond must be approved by the supervisor of the Fourth ward. It is recited in the condition of the bond that Butterfield “ as collector of the Fourth ward, has this day received the assessment roll of said city for the purpose of collecting the taxes therein named.”
The assessment roll being referred to in the bond, it is proper to consider it in giving effect to the bond, and in giving construction of it and the acts of the several parties joining in its execution. By such reference it is obvious that the parties when they executed well understood that Phillips was supervisor of the Fourth ward, .that Butterfield was collector of such ward, and that the assessment roll and taxes referred to, were those represented by the roll of the Fourth ward.
Having acted upon- that assumption and having asked the supervisor, Phillips, to act upon it, they must now be held concluded. The bond, in the light of all the facts surrounding the acts of the parties to it, sufficiently refers to the duties to be faithfully performed and executed by Butterfield as collector of the Fourth ward. Those duties not having been executed which he and his sureties undertook he should execute, by paying over the taxes collected by him, the bond remains in force as to the-collector and his sureties, notwithstanding some slight errors in description of the office of supervisor, and in the description of the assessment roll.
The three sureties only are named in the indebtedness *391clause of the penal part of the bond, and the sureties therefore object to the validity of the bond. These objections must be overruled. Butterfield signed it and thereby, together with his act of delivery of it and asking the approval of it, bound himself to its provisions. It was not requisite that his name should appear in the formal part in order to render himself liable upon it (7 Cowen, 484; 16 N. Y., 447, 451). The liability of his sureties was not increased or varied by his signing, and they are estopped from questioning its validity on account of his adding his signature to theirs.
Nor can the objection that he did not seal prevail in behalf of the parties. They say and he says, in the body of the bond, “ sealed with our seals,” and, subsequently, when it is witnessed, it is said, “sealed and delivered in presence of.” These words quite clearly indicate that it was the intention of all the parties executing to sign and seal. They all did seal. The three seals were severally adopted. Butterfield adopted one of the seals as his. It was competent for him to do so. Having so adopted, he is now bound, and the objection must be overruled (Wadsworth agt. Wendell, 5 Johns. Ch., 228; Van Alstyn agt. Van Slyck, 10 Barb., 383). It was held in' Mackay agt. Bloodgood (9 Johns., 285), that a single private seal may be adopted, and bind several parties (See, also, 27 N. Y., 564). The recitals furnish evidence that the parties have adopted the seals used, and they are severally estopped from controverting such adoption (Atlantic Dock Co. agt. Leavitt, 54 N. Y., 35).
The condition does not state the amount of the taxes; there was, evidently by mistake, a blank left unfilled. But the penal part of the bond is double the taxes named in the roll. The obligation is to be void by its terms only in the event the collector “ shall faithfully execute the duties of collector.” It was his duty to pay over the taxes to the county treasurer ; that he failed to do, and the bdnd therefore remained in force.
The objection predicated upon the omission to state in the *392bond the precise sum of taxes must be overruled. Especially in' a case where the taxes collected and the deficiency do not éxceed one-half the penalty named in the bond is snch a construction reasonable (Supervisors of Schoharie agt. Pindar, 3 Lansing, 8 ; opinion of Miller, J. ; 7 Lansing, 428; 28 N. Y., 321; 26 N. 7., 514; 3 N. Y., 394; 1 Denio, 233; 1 Cowen, 670).
The bond, in its terms, was a substantial compliance with the statute, and when filed, with the approval of the supervisor indorsed thereon, it became a lien upon the property of the persons executing it.
Having reached the conclusion that the bond was duly executed by each of the persons whose names are signed to it, and that it is a valid bond in substantial compliance with the statute, its effect must be in accordance with the statute.
■ It must be held to be a proper instrument to create the lien named in the statute, from the time of filing the same. The lien attached in the early part of the day it was filed. As before stated, it was filed prior to the bond of the Third ward, and the lien caused by such filing was prior in point of time. The words “ at the time of filing thereof,” must be taken literally to express the date of the time. Then follow the words of the statute as to what property shall be subjected to the lien thus created. The result named in the statute must be the result declared by the court.
The statute says: “ Every such bond shall be a lien on all the real estate held jointly or severally by the collector or his sureties, within the county at the time of filing thereof.”
The judgment must follow the statute, and declare such lien was created by the filing at ten a. m. of December 7, 1874, and must also declare that such lien continues “and shall continue to be such lien till its condition, together with all costs and charges which may accrue by the prosecution thereof shall be fully satisfied.” The statute clearly entitles the plaintiff to his costs, and the judgment will therefore so provide.
*393There must be a reference to ascertain specifically the real estate held jointly or severally by the collector or his sureties, within the county of Jefferson at the time of such filing as aforesaid.
A reference for such purpose may be had to George Gilbert, Esq., unless the parties can agree upon what real estate was so held the seventh of December by the collector and his sureties.
This action was properly brought by the successor of the supervisor to whom the bond was given, as was held in Jasen agt. Ostrander (1 Cowen, 670), and it was an action to which the collector would be liable, even after the supervisor had paid to the county treasurer, and he to the state (id., 1 Denio, 237).
The defendant Oscar Paddock, on the 30th day of ¡November, 1874, agreed with his brother, George F. Paddock, to advance $15,000, and take a mortgage upon the Paddock buildings, with a bond to accompany it, to secure the advance. The mortgage was prepared to be executed by George F., and Kate, his wife. If was signed and sealed and acknowledged by George F. on the thirtieth of ¡November, and as the wife was sick it was not executed by her, but was taken by Oscar and put in his safe, with the understanding that Kate would be asked to sign when she recovered. It remained in this condition until the 15th of January, 1875, when Oscar sent a notary with it to the house of Kate, arid she was asked to sign it, or acknowledge it, which she did, and the notary took her acknowledgment and returned it to Oscar, who placed it on record. It is now urged by several of the counsel for the sureties on the bond of the collector, that the mortgage was incomplete, that it created no lien upon the property covered by it, and that it could not operate until executed and delivered by Kate, and therefore that on the 7th of December, 1874, when the collector’s bond was filed, that no lien had attached by reason of the mortgage. The filing of the collector’s bond created a lien from the time *394of filing, as before shown. It must be regarded as settled by authority, that an unregistered mortgage creates a prior lien to a judgment (1 Edwards’ Ch., 652; 4 Johns., 216).
It is difficult to find in the statute any words giving any greater lien by reason of filing the collector’s bond, than would be derived by a judgment creditor whose judgment was docketed.
The recording act provides that every conveyance not recorded shall be void as against any subsequent “purchaser in good faith and for a valuable consideration.” The filing of the bond did not create the obligee a “ purchaser in good faith and for a valuable consideration of the same real estate” covered by the mortgage (3 R. S., 5th ed., sec. 1, p. 45).
Nor does section 69 (page 59, 3 Revised Statutes, 5th edition), in its definition of the term “ purchaser,” bring the obligee within the terms of the first section of the recording 1 act. The bond did not convey any estate or interest in the real estate for a “ valuable consideration.”
It must be determined, therefore, whether the mortgage was delivered by George F. to Oscar, so as to be good in the hands of Oscar as a valid security. If it was delivered to and accepted, by Oscar, then it took effect November thirtieth and was antecedent to the filing of the bond of December 7, 1874.
It is quite clear that a delivery to Oscar was made by George F. with an ’agreement between them that thereafter the signature and acknowledgment of the wife should be obtained if possible, if she should recover and be willing to execute.
The mortgagor put the mortgage into the hands of the mortgagee, and gave him full possession of it. It is equally apparent that George F. did not reserve any right or power to recall the mortgage. He acknowledged its execution and placed it beyond his control, and it was so far completed as to enable the mortgagee to record it and to hold the estate of the mortgagor as a security.
*395Acceptance of delivery has been presumed in many cases from the beneficial character of the instrument to the grantee or mortgagee.
In. this case the circumstances and facts disclosed by Oscar as a witness strengthen the presumption, and lead the mind to the conclusion that it was the intention of the parties to give and take a security, then good as to the interest of George in the premises.
The learned counsel for several of the defendants have cited numerous cases upon the subject of the necessity of- a delivery and acceptance to support a deed or mortgage (Fonda agt. Sage, 46 Barb., 123; aff., 48 N. Y., 175). The case most favorable to the position taken by them is Brackett agt. Barney (28 N. Y., 340).
The reasoning of Seldeit, J., is strongly in favor of the position assumed by counsel for defendants here. But in that case the mortgagor had not acknowledged the instrument prior to the return of the usury. The mortgagee could not use his mortgage. He could not record it as neither the mortgagor nor his wife had acknowledged it prior to the time when, in March, 1855, the usury was returned, and the mortgage acknowledged by the husband and wife.
It is there stated that the question of delivery, involving acceptance, is always one of intention, depending on the circumstances of the transaction (citing 12 Ad. & Ell. [N.S.], 317; 21 N. Y., 179). And it is further stated that a delivery to a party named as grantee or mortgagee is held to operate as an absolute delivery immediately, and not as an escrow. First Selden, 229, is to the same effect, and, also, Arnold agt. Patrick (6 Paige, 310).
The circumstances disclosed in this case support the deli very and acceptance much more fully than the facts pertaining to the mortgage under consideration in Brackett agt. Barney (supra), and cases there cited.
They favor the conclusion that it was the intention of the mortgagor and mortgagee to deliver it, so as to bind the *396mortgagor, he having no power to recall it; and that they mutually agreed that if subsequently it was practicable, the signature of the wife should be obtained. She only had a dower interest, and if she did not survive her sickness, then known to both parties, her non-execution would be of no consequence.
The circumstances disclosed by the evidence indicate an intention on the part of the mortgagee to take and hold it as an effective security as against the interest of the mortgagor in the premises.
Therefore the delivery and acceptance must be held sufficient to sustain the mortgage (Jackson agt. Richards, 15 Wend., 617; 24 Wend., 284).
These circumstances may be shown, by parol (Christian agt. Suydam, 21 N. Y., 179).
The possession of the mortgage, under the circumstances disclosed by Oscar, was sufficient to give him an equitable lien upon the interest of George in the premises (Jackson agt. McCrea, 1 Johnson's Cases, 114).
This equitable lien, of course, can only be upheld to the extent of the actual advances made by Oscar prior to the filing of the collector’s bond.
The evidence only justifies a finding that such advances were made prior to 7th of December, 1874, to the extent of $10,000. The other $5,000 rested on parol agreement, prior to 15th January 1875, and the filing of the bond attached to the interest in the real estate held by George F. at the time of filing of the bond (Robinson agt. Williams, 22 N. Y., 381; 26 N. Y., 381; 34 Barb., 337; Miller agt. Lockwood, 32 N. Y., 299 ; 7 Cranch, 34).
The lien of the mortgage, to the extent of $10,000 and interest, from 30th November, 1874, must be sustained as' prior to the lien of the plaintiff, and the other $5,000, held to be subsequent to the plaintiff’s lien.
The next question raised in this case relates to the order of sales to be made of the real estate of the obligors to enforce *397the lien created by the statute. As before shown each obligor’s real property is declared subject to the lien; the property held jointly, as well as in severalty, by the respective obligors.
The collector has no real property to which the lien attached, and he has no personal property. Each of the other obligors have real estate to which the lien attached at the time of filing the bond.
The conclusion has already been stated that the plaintiff is entitled to a judgment declaring the lien upon all the real estate in the county of Jefferson belonging to the obligors, or either of them; and all must be sold under such judgment, if needs be, to realize money to meet the deficiency.
But it is insisted, in behalf of the assignees of Paddock and Andrews, that the property owned by the bankrupts is only liable for their proportionate share of the deficiency, while, in behalf of Boon, it is insisted that his property should not be sold to satisfy the lien until the whole of the real estate in the county of Jefferson, belonging to Paddock and Andrews, or either of them, shall be sold. The evidence discloses that Paddock and Andrews were bankers carrying on jointly such business, and separate individual business; that they desired to obtain from the collector the taxes which he should collect, and were willing to pay interest thereon, and that to facilitate securing such taxes they were willing to sign his bond, and that they executed it with such intention with the knowledge of the other party; that the taxes were so deposited by the collector with the knowledge of each of the sureties; that Paddock and Andrews have never paid them over to the collector, or any other person; that they became bankrupt and their joint estate is not sufficient to pay their joint debts, and the separate estate of Paddock is not sufficient to pay his individual debts; that of Andrews is sufficient to pay his individual debts, but not sufficient to pay the firm debts.
The learned counsel for the assignees is correct in saying *398that the collector had no right to make an agreement with Paddock & Co. to loan that firm the taxes, and that any agreement of that character was void as being against public policy (Poultney agt. Randall, 9 Bos., 232; Hill on Trustees, 266).
They were trust funds which were in the hands of the collector, in virtue of his office, and he was guilty of a breach of public duty when he undertook to loan them and profit thereby. But Paddock and Andrews both knew the character of the moneys so deposited with them and converted them to their own use. They thus aided the collector in committing a breach of trust, and in putting it out of his power to “ faithfully execute the duties of collector,” as they severally had, by their bond to supervisor, undertaken he should. If the funds were traceable -by the supervisor to any particular property he might pursue that property, impressed with such trust, and rescue it from the assets of the bankrupts, and the supposed equities of others, creditors of the firm or the individuals, that would be unavailing.
If the transaction be stated as a wrongful conversion of the funds by Paddock & Co. as it was by the firm, both members thereof would be liable to respond to the full amount quite as clearly as though an action, of assumpsit were brought against them upon their contract of loan made with the collector.
They have had the taxes; they have appropriated them to their own use. Their estate, presumptively, has been enhanced by them. They personally are liable therefor. Their estate is chargeable therewith.
Their creditors have no equities which attach with any force to them; their creditors have no more right to the assets swollen by them, than they would have to specific property purchased with them, if such purchase were possible and the property known, so that a court of equity could seize upon it and ingraft the trust upon it.
Ho such property is found and the supervisor resorts to *399the lien given by the statute and asks to enforce it. Then it is said that the real estate of Paddock and Andrews should only bear its aliquot share of the burden which rests upon all of the sureties. But P. and A. have had the benefits which precede the failure of the collector to faithfully execute the duties of his office.
They put it out of his power to comply with his bond, in which he is principal debtor upon the face of it (Meigs agt. Shattuck, 1 Denio, 233).
But it has been held that in equity parol evidence may be given to show the real relation which parties to an instrument sustain to each other (14 Vesey, 161; Barry agt. Ransom, 2 Kern., 462).
By the terms of the bond the collector and each of his sureties are severally debtors to the supervisor.
The collector is principal debtor so long as the face of his bond is alone considered; so far as its declarations and recitals are concerned, he is the party primarily liable. And each of his trustees, upon the mere fact of failure to pay over, is alike liable. If one should pay he would he entitled to call upon the other for contribution.
But where all the facts and circumstances attending the execution of the bond, the collection of the taxes and the deposit thereof with P. & Co., the absence of any receipt of them by the other surety, disclosed by the evidence are considered and weighed, other results follow (Story Eq., sec. 498).
The payment of the sum called for by the bond to the plaintiff by P. & Co. or P. and A., or either of them, would not entitle them or either of them, to call upon the principal debtor, the collector, as he appears by the face of the bond, to indemnify and pay them or either of them. Eor would P. & 06. or P. and A., or either of them by force of such payment and the bond, he entitled to call upon the other surety for contribution (Story Eq., sec. 498, p. 571).
Contribution does not arise so much from an actual con*400tract as from natural justice, and it is only enforced in furtherance or in obedience to the demand of justice (4 Johns. Ch., 334 ; 2 Kern., 462).
The fact that the taxes were received by P. & Co. from the collector, would, under all the circumstances, be to him a sufficient answer to their action.
He could very properly reply that payment by them to the plaintiff was only in settlement of their liability to him and in pursuance of his undertaking and in fulfillment of their duty, and in accord with exact justice.
So, too, if they should seek contribution from the other surety, his reply would be the same in effect, mutatis mutandis. The same result would follow if the specific taxes had been kept intact by P. & Co., and they had, instead of returning them to the collector, handed them to the supervisor. Surely they would not thus have gained a cause of action for contribution against their co-surety. But, as before shown, they have converted the specific taxes tortiously, and thus become primarily liable to pay; thus, they have given force to the indemnity lien created by their bond and the statute upon their real estate. Their appropriation of the taxes to their own use, under the circumstances, places them, primarily, in equity, in the position of principal debtors. That conversion to their use of the taxes is the primary cause of the default, which renders the lien created by the bond, under the statute, effectual in the hands of the supervisor, to be enforced to remove the omission to faithfully discharge the duties assumed by all the obligors in the bond.
Cases are reported where courts at law, as well as in equity, have controlled their processes for the collection of debts and the enforcement of liens, so as to require the creditors to first exhaust their remedy against the person or property primarily liable for the debt held by the creditor, before resorting to the surety or property secondarily liable in equity (Bk. of Auburn agt. Throop, 18 John., 504; 18 Barb., 561).
This result has frequently been attained through the prin*401ciple of subrogation (Johnson agt. Zink, 51 N. Y., 333; 29 Barbour, 524).
So where a surety, by paying the debt, will lose the benefit of a security held by a creditor, he may come into a court of equity and require the creditor to enforce payment of the principal debtor holding such lien (17 John., 384; 4 John. Chy., 123; Wright agt. Austin, 56 Barb., 17).
The assignees of P. & Co. stand in no better position than the bankrupts held. They take, not as bona fide purchasers, but subject to all liens and equities existing against the bankrupts’ estate (28 Barb., 333; 32 id., 322; 15 N. Y, 195 ; 17 id., 580).
These views lead to the conclusion that P. and Andrews created a lien severally upon their real estate with the intention and for the purpose of obtaining the taxes; that they obtained the taxes and appropriated them to their own use prior to their failure, thus causing the very default which renders the whole obligors liable to have the lien, created by filing their bond, enforced.
That they gave the bond for the purpose of rendering it available in the event they should fail to provide a return of the taxes to the public; that the other surety stood, in equity, rather as their surety, or surety of a surety, than as a co-surety. Therefore, the property subjected to the lien belonging to the collector, to Paddock and Andrews, or either of them, ought to be sold in enforcement and foreclosure of the liens caused by filing the bond, before any sale of the other obligor’s real estate. If a deficiency shall remain after such first sales, then, the real estate of the other obligor should be sold.
Directions accordingly will be given to the officer making sales. The property covered by Mrs. Schley’s mortgage should be the last sold, belonging to her mortgagor. Some question was suggested upon the argument as to who should sell the property after the coming in of the report of the referee named to report titles and descriptions of real estate.
As the public are interested in the proceeds of the sales to *402be made, and the sheriff is the officer who has given security, it is believed advisable that he be, as he will be, appointed to foreclose the lien arising by reason of the filing the bond as aforesaid.
1. The questions relating to the form and directions for judgment for deficiency, after sales, are reserved until the report of sales shall come in, showing the amount thereof.
2. The plaintiff is allowed costs of this action.
3. All questions as to costs of any or all of the defendants, out of the fund arising on sales or otherwise, or against each other personally, are likewise reserved until the coming in of the sheriff’s report of sales.
The plaintiff’s attorney may serve a copy of this opinion and proposed findings of fact and law, and if they are not agreed to they may be settled before me upon three days’ notice.