There is a point of very great importance, arising on the pleadings in this cause, which was not argued or decided in the case of Mr. Tates, on the habeas corpus ; that is, whether the chancellor, while acting officially and judicially, is responsible, in this action, for what he has done as chancellor.
Kent, Ch. J.I consider the point as of so much importance that I shall not express my judgment on the demurrer, without bestowing some further consideration *287on the case, and stating the reasons and grounds of the opinion I may form, at length; particularly after the inci .i •ion, that a writ of error is to be brought. Though th-' plaintiff’s counsel declines arguing the case, yet as the court must give judgment on the demurrer, I feel it to be m duty to examine it for myself. And as there are so many other causes now to be argued and decided, it may be necessary to take time until the next term ; but this will produce no delay to the plaintiff, as the court of errors will not sit until after the February term.
Cur. adv. vult.
The opinion of the court was now delivered by
Kent, Ch. J.The record before the court presents the case of a civil suit, brought against the chancellor of this state, for an act done by him in his judicial capacity, while sitting in the court of chancery. The pleadings admit that the defendant did, as chancellor, and not otherwise, at a court of chancery, held on the 15th of September, 1808, order the plaintiff, after he had been discharged upon habeas corpus, by one of the judges of this court, to be recommitted for the contempt and malpractice for which he had been originally imprisoned, and that the action is brought for such reimprisonment, and to recover the penalty mentioned in the 5th section of the habeas corpus act.
The counsel who appeared for the plaintiff at the last term, (and who was the same counsel that argued the case upon the habeas corpus at the last February term,) declined to argue this case, but would not consent that judgment should pass against the plaintiff by default, and pressed the court for a decision during the term, and accompanied his motion with an intimation that he intended to carry the cause, by writ of error, into the court for the correction of errors, This fact must be my *288apology for bestowing more time upon the case, than the doctrine which it involves, might seem to require. We have given it a deliberate attention, and in the opinion of the court, the action cannot be sustained upon any ' principle of law, justice or public policy.
The words of the statute upon which the suit is brought, are, “ that no person who shall be set at large upon any habeas corpus, shall be again imprisoned tor the same offence, unless by the legal order or process of the court wherein he is. bo.und by recognisance to appear, or other court having jurisdiction of the cause; and if any person shall knowingly, contrary to this act, recommit or imprison, or cause to be recommitted or imprisoned for the same offence, any person so set at large, he shall forfeit to the party grieved, 1,250. dollars."’ There appears to be several strong reasons why this section in the statute cannot support the action.
The order of the court of chancery was legal, inas-r much as. the previous discharge of the plaintiff was not in a case authorized by the statute, and was null and void in law. This was the decision of the court at the last August term,* and it will be unnecessary to. review that point, or repeat what was then said. According to the judgment of the court, there cannot be a pretext for this suit, even if the defendant was otherwise liable for an undue exercise, or misapplication of the powers of his court,
Rut the point which I purpose now principally to com sider is, whether there be any foundation in law for the Suit, admitting that the defendant was mistaken in supr posing that the discharge of the plaintiff under the habeas Corpus, was unduly made. The statute allows the party so discharged, to be again imprisoned for the same of-fence, provided it be by the legal order or process of the court wherein he is bound by recognisance to apr pear, or other court having jurisdiction of the causes *289Any court which has jurisdiction of the subject matter, may reimprison, notwithstanding the discharge. To state a plain case ; if a person committed at a court of oyer and terminer, or sessions of the peace, of a felony, and imprisoned In the state prison, be discharged by a judge on habeas corpus, on the ground that the court had no authority to commit, or that the order of commitment was invalid, would any one doubt that the court might cause the convict to be further reimprisoned. either upon the same warrant, if it judged it sufficient, or by awarding a new and better one ? The statute never intended such a destruction of principle, as to entrust to a judge in vacation, the power to control the judgment, or check the jurisdiction of a court of record.
Our system of appellate jurisprudence is built upon a sounder foundation, and instead of entrusting to the fiat of a single judge, to correct the errors of any court of justice, it has provided the constitutional process by appeal, or a writ of error. It is sufficient that,.the which commits, has jurisdiction of th^eauWw^MSIi' ment; and as the cause in the present case was an alleged malpractice and contempt, the court of chancery most undoubtedly had jurisdiction over the subject matter. It is decisive on the point, that the court considered the act of which it complained, to be a contempt and malpractice, by being an unauthorized interference with the practice of the court. Every court judges exclusively for itself, of its own contempts; no other court, and much less a single judge out of court, can undertake to judge on the question. The plaintiff was recommitted, to use the language of the order, for “ contempt and malpractice and whether the court of chancery was right or wrong in considering that the plaintiff’s conduct amounted to a contempt, and whether it took the proper steps to ascertain the contempt, is perfectly immaterial as to the point of jurisdiction. It had authority to punish contempts. It must judge what are con-*290tempts. Practising as solicitor, without leave, and practising in another’s name, and practising in another’s name without his knowledge, are all misdemeanors, and contempts of the court. These are undeniable propositions.
On the ground which the court took, then, it certainly had jurisdiction of the subject matter. The case of Howell, the recorder of London, is to this purpose. He presided at a court of oyer and terminer, and fined and imprisoned a juror, for bringing in a wrong verdict. In a suit against him for this act, the whole court of C. B. declared that the oyer and terminer had jurisdiction of the cause, because it had power to punish a misdemeanor in a juror; though in the case before the court, the recorder had made an erroneous judgment in considering the act of the juror as amounting to a misdemeanor, when in fact it was no misdemeanor. (Hamond v. Howell, 2 Mod. 218.)
To be prepared to give a sound construction to the statute giving the penalty in question, we ought to bear in mind the uniform and solemn language of the common law, as to the responsibility of judges, by private suit, for their judicial decisions. “ We shall never know,” says Lord Coke, “ the true reason of the interpretation of the statutes, if we know not what the law was before the making of them.” Where courts of special and limited jurisdiction exceed their powers, the whole proceeding is coram non judice, and all concerned in such void proceedings are held to be liable in trespass. (Case of the Marshalsea, 10 Co. 68. Terry v. Huntington, Hardres, 480.) But I believe this doctrine has never been carried so far as to justify a suit against the members of the superior courts of general jurisdiction, for any act done by them in a judicial capacity. There is no such case or decision which I have met with, and I find the doctrine to be decidedly otherwise. In Miller v. Seeve, (2 Black. Rep. 1141.) Lord Ch. J. De Grey said, *291iiiat the judges of the king’s superior courts of general jurisdiction were not liable to answer personally for their errors in judgment. The protection as to them was absolute and universal; with respect to the inferior courts, it was only while they act within their jurisdiction. The penalty sought for in the present suit, was, I think, very clearly imposed upon individuals only, acting ministerially or extrajudicially out of court. The words of the statute do not apply to the act of a court done of record; •and we ought to require a positive application of the penalty to such a case, before we can in decency presume that the statute intended so far to humble and degrade the judicial department, as to render the judges responsible in a civil suit for their judicial acts.
The doctrine which holds a judge exempt from a civil Suit or indictment, for any act done, or omitted to be done by him, sitting' as judge, has a deep root in the common law. It is to be found in the earliest judicial records, and it has been steadily maintained by an undisturbed current of decisions in the English courts,, amidst every change of policy, and through every revolution of their government. A short view of the cases will teach us to admire the wisdom of our forefathers,- and to revere a principle on which rests the independence of the administration of justice. Juvat accedere fontes atque haurire.
Serjeant Hawkins (b. 1. c. 7. p. 6.) lays down this general rule, as the result of his inquiries on the subject; “ That the law has freed the judges of all courts of record from all prosecutions whatsoever, except in the parliament, for any thing done by them openly in such courts as judges. For,” he adds, “the authority of government cannot be maintained, unless the greatest credit be given to those who are so highly entrusted with the administration of public justice, and that if they should be exposed to the prosecution of those whose partiality to their own causes would induce them *292to think themselves injured, it would be impossible foS* them to keep up in the people that veneration of their persons, and submission to their judgments, without which it is impossible to execute the laws with vigour success.”
We meet with the principle here stated as early as the Book of Assise, 27 Ed. III. pl. 18. The case there was, that A. was indicted, for that being a judge of oyer and. ' terminer, certain persons were indicted before him of trespass, and he had entered upon the record that they were indicted of felony, and judgment was demanded, if he should answer for falsifying the record, since he was a judge by commission ; and all the judges were of opinion that the presentment was void. And at this same early period we find this wise protection extended equally to grand jurors. In 21 Ed. III. Hil. pl. 16. a writ of conspiracy was sued in K. B. and the question was, whether it be a good plea to the action, that the 'defendants wel-e indictors in the case complained of, and it was held to be a good plea. In 9 Hen. VI. 60. pl. 9. an action upon the case was brought against A. for fraud, in executing the office of escheator, and Babington, J. said, and so it was agreed, that such a suit would not lie against a judge of record. So in 9 Ed. IV. 3. pl. 10. it was held by Littleton, J. and not denied, that an action of assault and battery would not lie against a justice of the peace, for what he did as a judge of record ; and the same principle was afterwards more solemnly advanced by all the judges, in 21 Ed. IV. 67. pl. 49. They all concurred in opinion, that for what a justice of the peace did in the sessions, he was not amenable.
These cases, and many more opinions of the like effect, which could be gleaned from the Year Books, conclusively show, that judges of all courts of record, from the highest to the lowest, and even jurors, who are judges of fact, were always exempted from prosecution, by action or indictment, for what they did in their judi*293cial character. It did not escape the discernment of 1 . . . the early sages of the law, that the principle requisite to secure a free, vigorous and independent administration of justice, applied to render jurors, as well as judges, inviolable ; and I fully acquiesce in the opinion of Lord Ch. J. Wilmot, that trials by jury will be buried in the same grave with the authority of the courts who are to preside over them. But I proceed to show that in subsequent periods of the English law, the doctrine was equally asserted an,d enforced. Staunford, in his Pleas of the Crown, which was first published in 1567, says, (p. 173.) that no prosecution for conspiracy lies against grand jurors, for it shall not be intended, that what they did, by virtue of their oaths, was false and malicious ; and that the same law applied to a justice of the peace, for he shall not be punished as a conspirator, for what' he does in open sessions as a justice. In the case of Floyd and Barker, (12 Co. 23.) the subject underwent a solemn consideration by Lord Coke, and all the judges ; and their resolution was, that no grand juror was responsible for finding an indictment, and that no judge, who tries and gives judgment in a criminal case, or does any act in court, was to be questioned for it, either at the suit of the party, or of the king. And it was observed, “ that if the judges of the realm who have the administration of justice, were to be drawn in question, except it be before the king himself, it would tend to the slander of justice, and those who are the most sincere would not be free from continual calumniations.” In Aire v. Sedgwick, (2 Roll. Rep. 199.) Noy, J. laid down the same uncontradicted rule, that no action lay against a judge for any thing which he did as judge. But the case of Hammond v. Howell, (1 Mod. 184. 2 Mod. 218.) deserves our particular notice, as being peculiarly weighty on the point before us. This is the case to which I have already alluded for another purpose. The defendant was recorder of London, and, as one of *294the judges of oyer and terminer, had fined and imprisoned the plaintiff, because he had brought in a verdiet, as a' petit juror, contrary to the direction of the court arid the evidence. If ever a case was calculated t0 awaken sensibility, and to try the strength of the principle, this must have been pne. It arose some time after the decision in BushelPs case, in which it was argued by jill the judges, that a juror wag npt finable for his verdict. The act of the defendant wag admitted to have been illegal, and no doubt it struck the whole court as a high-handed and arbitrary measure, The counsel for the plaintiff admitted the weight pf the objection, that an action would not lie against a judge pf record for what he did, quatenus a judge ; and he endeavoured to except this case from the general principle, by contending, that what the defendant did, was not warranted by his commission, and that, therefore, he did not act as judge. But the court did not yield to such miserable sophistry; for they held, that the bringing of the action was a greater offence than the imprisonment of the plaintiff, for it was a bold attempt both against the government and justice in general. They said that no authority, or semblance of an authority, had been urged for an action against a judge of record, for doing any thing as judge ; that this was never before imagined, and no action would lie against a judge, for a wrongful commitment, anymore than for an erroneous judgment; that though the defendant acted erroneously, he acted judicially, and if what he did was corrupt, complaint might be made to the king, and if erroneous, it might be reversed.
The case of Groenvelt v. Burnwell, (12 Mod. 386. 1 Salk. 396. 1 Ld. Raym. 454.) arose long after the passing of the habeas corpus act, and the unanimous opinion of the court of K. B. was given by Sir John Holt, whose name has always been held in reverence by English freemen; for he was a sound judge and an in*295flexible patriot, who manifested, on every occasion, a generous and distinguished zeal for the liberties of the people. He went at large into the cases in support of the doctrine, and showed to every one’s entire satisfaction, that judges were not liable to an action by the party, for what they did as judges ; that no averment was admissible that a judge of record had acted against - his duty ; that if even a justice of the peace should record that, upon his viéw, as a force which was no force, he could not be drawn in question, for it is a judicial act ; that, in like manner, jurors were not responsible for their verdicts, because they were judges of fact; and he added, in this emphatical language, “ that it would expose the justice of the nation, and no man would execute the office of judge, upon péril of being arraigned, by action or indictment, for every judgment he pronounces.” In the very modern cases of Miller v. Searl and others, (2 Black. Rep. 1145.) and of Mostyn v. Fabrigas, (Cowp. 172.) De Grey, Ch. J. in the one, and Lord Mansjield in the other case, explicitly and emphatically declare the same doctrine. Indeed, I am persuaded that the discussion of the question, even under this 5th section of the habeas corpus act, would not now be endured in any court in Westminster Hall.
I shall close this review of the cases with noticing, one arising in an American court. The case I allude to is that of Phelps v. Sill, lately decided in the supreme court of Connecticut. (1 Day’s Cases in Error, 315.) From the characters composing that court, I think the decision entitled to great consideration. That was a suit against a judge of probates for omitting to take security from a guardian, and the court held that the action would not-lie. They said that “ it was a settled principle, that a judge is not to be questioned in a civil suit for doing, or for neglecting or refusing to do a particular official act, in the exercise of judicial power. That a regard to this maxim was essentia,! to the ad*296ministration of justice. If by any mistake in the exercise of his office, a judge should injure an individual, hard would be his condition, • if he were to be responsible for damages. The rules and principles, which govern the exercise of judicial power, are not, in all cases, obvious ; they are often complex, and appear under different aspects to different persons. No man would accept the office of judge, if his estate were to answer for every error in judgment, or if his time and property were to be wasted in litigations with every man whom his decisions might offend.”
After this recognition of the principle, I may confidently appeal to every sound Mid intelligent lawyer, whether it could possibly have been the meaning of the habeas corpus act, to make the chancellor, or any other judge of any other court of record, responsible in a civil suit, for a heavy penalty, for an action done of record by him, while sitting in his court of justice ? Ought such a sacred principle of the common law, as the one we have been considering, to be subverted, without an express declaration to that effect l Does such a construction appear ever to have. been entertained in any book, or by any individual, from the time of the statute of Charles II. until the bringing of the present suit ? Our act is but a transcript from the English statute, and Serjeant Hawkins (b. 2. c. 15. § 24.) expressly excludes every such construction. “ The habeas corpus act,” he observes, “ makes the judges liable to an action at the suit of the party, in one case only, viz. in refusing to award a habeas corpus, and seems to leave it to their discretion in all other cases, to pursue the directions of the act, in the same manner as they ought to execute all, other laws, without making them subject to the action of the party, or to any other express penalty or forfeiture.” The penalty to which the chancellor and ' judges are liable, is mentioned in the fourth section of the act} andthat is given against them by name, and only for. *297their refusal, in the vacation time, to allow a writ of habeas corpus, when duly applied for. The chancellor and judges may refuse such a writ, at their discretion, if applied for in term time, and the penalty will not attach. It is only when they refuse, in a mere ministerial capacity, to allow a writ, that they are made responsible. The allowance of a writ in vacation, is not a judicial act. It is merely analogous to the case stated in Green v. The Hundred of B. (1 Leon. 323.) where it was held, that an action on the case lay against a justice of the peace, for refusing to take the oath of the party robbed, because, in such case he did not act as a judge, but as a particular minister appointed by the statute, of Eliz. to take examinations. The habeas corpus act does not, then, iu any of its provisions, violate, or even touch the principle, that no suit lies for a judicial act. Though the judge is bound under a penalty, to allow the writ, yet when the prisoner is brought before him he is to discharge, bail, or remand him, as he shall be advised; and no action or penalty is given for what he shall then do or refuse to do.
Judicial exercise of power is imposed upon the courts. They must decide and act according to their judgment, and therefore the law will protect them. The chancellor, in the case of the plaintiff, was bound in duty to imprison and reimprison him, if he considered his conduct, as amounting to a contempt of his court. The obligations of his office left him no volition. He was as much bound to punish a contempt committed in his court, as he was bound in any other case to exercise his power. He may possibly have erred in judgment, in calling an act a contempt which did not amount to one,. ,and in regarding a discharge as null, when it was binding. This court may have erred in the same way ; still it was but error of judgment, for which neither the chancellor, nor the judges of this court, are or can be responsible in a civil suit. Such responsibility would *298be an anomaly in jurisprudence. No statute could have intended such atrocious oppression and injustice. The penalty is given only for the voluntary and wilful acts of individuals, acting in a private or ministerial capacity. It is a mulct, and given by way of punishment. The person who forfeits it, must “ knowingly, contrary to the act,” reimprison, or cause the party to be reimprisoned. There must be the scienter, or intentional violation of the statute ; and this can never be imputed to the judicial proceedings of a court. It would be an impeachable offence, which can never be averred or shown, but under the process of impeachment.
No man can foresee the disastrous consequences of a precedent in favour of such a suit. Whenever we subject the established courts of the land to the degradation of private prosecution, we subdue their independence, and destroy their authority. Instead of being venerable before the public, they become contemptible; and we thereby embolden the licentious to trample upon every thing sacred in society, and to overturn those institutions which have hitherto been deemed the best guardians of civil liberty.
I am, therefore, of opinion that judgment ought to be entered for the defendant.
Thompson, J. and Van Ness, J. concurred.
Yates, J. was absent,
Spencer, J.The decision of the court, at the last August term, in the matter of John V. N. Tates, entitles the defendant to judgment on the demurrer. A .majority of this court held that the recommitment of the plaintiff, after he had been set at large on habeas corpus, was a legal and justifiable act.
I have not thought it necessary to examine the other point in the cause, with a view to deliver an *299opinion on it; but I have so far considered it,' as to be unable to subscribe to several positions in the opinion just delivered ; I must, therefore, be considered as giving no opinion on that point.
Judgment for the defendant.
4 Johns. Rep. 317.