The only question in this case is*; whether, the defendant is personally responsible to the plaintiff for the work, labour, and services performed by him.: That the. defendant was a public officer, and that the benefit of the plaintiff’s labour was for the public,, are questions not in dispute. If the case of Sheffield and Watson (3 Caines, 72.) is to.be supported, there can be no doubt of the defendant’s liability. And independent of that case, it. appears to me, he is responsible, upon well-settled principles, applicable to this class of cases. It is not to be denied that an agent may make himself personally responsible. And, as was said, by this court, in-the case of Gill v. Brown,* decided at thé present term, (and which is a principle recognised in all the cases on this subject,), it is a question of intention,in the,contracting parties, and this.intention must be, collected from the circumstances of the ease. In my judgment, the circumstances showing a personal liability in the defendant;, in this, case, ape as strong, if not stronger, than in the casé last referred to. Here is. .not only an absolute and unqualified promise to pay, but a refusal to furnish the plaintiff with, the usual and necessary voucher, to enable him to procure compensation from the government. The case states, that the plaintiff went to work by the direction of the defendant, and, after some time, hearing, that; tfie defendant was about leaving the place, the .plaintiff applied to hitn for. a writing, or, certificate, as, evidence of the contract, and of the time he had worked. ‘The reply made by the defendant,, was-,, “ my word is: sufficient,.go to- your ■work, and I mlkpay you wheivit is -doneffi . The defendant was too well acquainted with his business,, to suppose his bare word was sufficient .to. enable; the plaintiff to obtain his pay from ,the government. He well knew that sotne voucher from him was necessary for this purpose; if -the plaintiff was to be turned over to the government, When he, therefore, told the plaintiff his *447Word was sufficient, and at the same time accompanied it with a • ... . , ", promise to pay, it appears to me to admit oí ño other reasonable ititerpretation, than a personal engagement to; pay. Had this not have been the intention of. the defendant, his. reply to the plaintiff’s request would not have been, I will pay you when your work is done, but I will then give you a certificate. The promise was to pay when the work was doné ; and if the plaintiff was* to look to the government for pay, how could the defendant know when payment would be made ?
It is the duty of an agent, and the usual course of business, not only to disclose the character in which he acts, but also to furnish those with whom he deals with al'1 requisite vouchers, to enable them to have recourse to the principal; and when this is refused, the reasonable intendment,, and, I apprehend, the legal effect is, that the agent is personally liable. When one acts as the agent, or attorney, of another, he ought to do it in the name of him who gives the authority, and cannot do it in his own name. (9 Coke, 76.) Where services are performed for a known public agent, without any express contract, and the party relies upon an implied obligation to pay, perhaps the law would also imply that the service ivas performed for the agent in that-character. But where the agent makes an express contract, or promise, in his own name, and not in the name, or on behalf of his principal, the agent ought to be held personally responsible. This necessarily grows out of the principle, that an agent or attorney must contract in the name of his principal. This appears to me to be a sound and reasonable distinction, and best calculated to prevent parties from being misled or deceived. In the case of Brown v. Austin, (1 Mass. Rep. 208.,) it is admitted by the counsel on both sides, that if an agent make ati express promise to pay, he is personally responsible; and this seems to be taken for granted by the court. Sedgwick, Justice, says, there is no doubt but an agent, by an express undertaking, in his private capacity, makes himself personally liable. When there is an express undertaking, it must, I presume, always be understood to be by the party in his private capacity, unless otherwise expressed. No part of the plaintiff’s conduct would justify a conclusion, that he did not look to the defendant for pay, or consider him liable. When application was made, by the plaintiff, to Brown, the deputy quarter-master, he informed him he had been at work fpr General Swartwout, and had nothing to show for his work, *448and did not know to whom, or where, to look for Sis pay. We’ll might he say, he did not know where to look for pay, for the de» fendant had left that part of the country, as appears by the case, or is necessarily to be inferred, and had refused to gi-ve him any voucher for his services. The defendant had not pursued the usual course, of the public agents, who meant to turn the workmen over to the public, for payment;; as would appear, not only from die known and,general practice, but from the conduct of Brozan* who had employed this very plaintiff, and gave him a certificate bf the contract, on account of the public.: ,. The plaintiff had good reason to conclude that the defendant considered himself bound to pay him for his work, when he not only refused to give him any,certificate,’. that-he might-look to the government, but expressly promised to pay him'; And I think he was fully warranted in-such conclusion, upon the soundest principles of law and justice. I. am, accordingly, Of opinion that judgment Ought to be.for the plaintiff.
Spencer, J.It was supposed, on the-argument-of this cause# that the case of Sheffield v. Watson, (3 Caine's Rep. 69.,) overruled the decision of the supreme- court of the United States, in the case of Hodgson v. Dexter, (1 Cranch, 345.,) and Macbeath v. Haldiman, (1 T. R. 172.,) and several: other cases in the English courts ;. but, on as critical an examination as I have been able to give of the subject, 1 cannot- assent to that proposition. Judge Livingston, who delivered the opinion of the court, expressly states, that it was not intended to shake any of the English authorities on the pointand he states that the court, in Hodgson v. Dexter, regarded tile contract as made-entirely with a view to government; and that when that appeared, i-t wouldbe'unjusttocharge the officer. ... -
Whether the court, in Sheffield v. Watson, Jtnadé a correct application of the principles recognised and established in these two cases, to the facts before them, may, I think,, admit of some doubt; but, certainly, we did not intend to overrule them. We have all of üs had occasion to remark, that, though we concur in the point decided, unless our dissent be stated, yet we are not committed by the illustrations of the judge who happens to give the opinion. I make this remark here, because, I confess, the train of the judge’s reasoning, in Sheffield v. Watson, does not appear to me perfectly- reconcilable with- the declara*449t'i'on, which, I am fully convinced, is correct, that we" did not intend to shake any of the English authorities.
I shall forbear stating the particular circumstances in Sheffield v. Watson, which may distinguish -that case from the two leading ones already cited. It appears to me, that the opinion of Ashhurst, J., in Macbeath v. Haldiman, is entitled to the most unreserved respect, for its clearness and perspicuity. He observes : “ A person acting in the capacity of an agent may, undoubtedly, contract in such a manner as to make himself personally liable; and that (he says) brings it to the trite question, namely, whether, from any thing that passed between the parties at the time, it was understated, by them, that the plaintiff was to rely upon the personal security of the defendant.” He proceeds to state the facts, and then adds, “ that there is nothing in this transaction to fix the defendant, or to show that the plaintiff looked to him as his debtor at the time the credit was given.” Buller, J., in the same case, uses these strong expressions: “ And in any case where a man acts, as agent for the public, and treats in that capacity* there is no pretence that he.is personally liable.” In ascertaining the intention of the parties, the court regarded the existing facts when the goods were furnished, and the subsequent conduct of the parties.
The chief justice, in delivering the unanimous Opinion of the court, in Hodgson v. Dexter, observes : “ It is too clear to be controverted, that where a public agent acts in the line of his duty, and by legal authority, his contracts,, made oh account of the government, are public, and not personal.”
After stating the facts, which Went to show that the house was taken on account of the public, in pursuance of authority, and that the contract was made by the head of a department, for his use as an officer of government, he then adds : “ Under these circumstances, the intent of the officer to bind himself personally must be very apparent indeed to induce such a construction of the contract.”
It has been argued, in this case, that the defendant promised to pay the plaintiff for his work when it was done. The same argument was urged in Hodgson v. Dexter, and the fact, in that case, was, that Mr. Dexter covenanted, under his seal, to keep the premises in good repair, inevitable casualties, &c., excepted, and to yield up the same at the end of the term, the same so *450well and sufficiently kept in repair; but the court holding it Ú be a contract entirely on behalf of government., considered the' obligation to be on the- government only, and not a personal undertaking. ; ' ■ " ■ - ^ . '
The facts in this case show very clearly, that it never was in the contemplation of either party, originally, nor until sometime after .’the' labour was doné, that the defendan t should be personally responsible. The plaintiff was employed, - on the public account, to proceed down the St.'Lawrence,' as a boatman, with the-.-aimy,. and -received a■' certificate of his being .thus.employed.. On his arrival’at the French Mill's, with- the army,' the defendant, who' was known to -the plaintiff to be quarter-mas ter.general,, and acted as'sUch,-directed the plaintiff to go to work "with the rest of the hands, for the army, arid that they should each be allowed two dollars a day, The plaintiff, after working about six- weeks, learning that the defendant-was about leaving the place,, applied to him for a writing, or certificate, as evidence of the contract, and the time he had worked. The plaintiff drew his rations from the. public- store-house, arid, after leaving the French; Mills, applied to Major- Brown, rift assistant quarter-master general, stating that'he hád been to work for General Swartwout, "but' had nothing to show for his work, and did not know to: whom,, or when, to look for bis pay -; upori which Major Brown advanced him 2Ó dollars, as assistant quarter-master -general.
- These, facts Abundantly show, that the .'defendant’s contract with the plaintiff' was as a public agent,., find that the plaintiff did not work, nor contract to work, with a view to the defendant’s "personal' responsibility. '• -
Tentire-ly agree with Chief Justice Marshall, that, tohqld'a public agent, acting in the line of his duty, liable fori contracts made on account of government, would' be productive of the most'injurious conséquences to the 'public,- as well as to individuals - and that'no prudent man would consent to become a public,agent, if he should be made personally’responsible' on the public .account! ■' ' " " '■
This is ñot-thé case of an insulated boatman. The same .principles'which-will render the defendant liable, in this case, will, for aught J perceive, make him liable to all the boatmen who descended the St. Lawrence with the army; for it seems the de» *451iendant set them all at work, at two dollars a day ; and hence the greater improbability that he meant to subject himself. I am, therefore, of opinion, that the defendant is entitled to judgment.
Yam Ness, J., Yates,-J., and Platt, J., were of the same opinion.
Judgment for the defendant.
Ante, p. 385.