In the case of ¡Seton and others v. Low, (1 Johns. Cas. 1,) it was decided, that an insurance on lawful goods extended to all goods which it Was lawful by the Jaws of this country to export, and that.the insured was not bound to disclose to the insurer that the-^pods were of the description of contraband of war. "Whatever effect the difference of premium might have, to do ¿Way the presumption that the insurer took upon himself the risk of goods of this description without a special disclosure, the stipulation *78in the policy that the insurance was against all risks, must remove all doubt.
In the case of Goix v. Knox, (1 Johns. Cas. 337,) it was decided, that an insurance against all risks, protects the insured against every loss happening during the voyage, except such as may arise from the fraud of the insured. According to these decisions, the policy must be considered as covering all goods lawful to be exported, whatever may be their quality, or whoever may be owner. We are, therefore, of opinion, that the plaintiffs must have judgment.
Judgment for the plaintiffs.(a)
(a) The concealment of the fact that the goods intended to be covered by the policy were contraband of war seems to have heen material within the rule laid down by Tindal, C. J., in Elton v. Larkins, 5 Carr. & Payne, 385. “ A material concealment” says he “ is a concealment of facts, which if communicated to the party who underwrites would induce him either to refuse the insurance altogether, or not to effect it except at a larger premium than the ordinary premium.” S. C. 5 Carr. & Payne, 86. 8 Bing. 198. 1 M. & Scott, 323. Every fact and circumstance which can possibly influence the mind of any intelligent insurer in determining whether he will underwrite the policy, or at what premium he will underwrite it is material. Supra, vol. 1, p. 5, n. b. In Seton &. Co. v. Low, no evidence was offered that a higher rate of premium was charged for insurance upon goods that were contraband of war.