(dissenting). We are unable to concur in the decision here made. The ultimate and dispositive question in the case is peculiarly one of fact, viz., whether under all the circumstances the defendant dairy company used reasonable care in its inspection and handling of reused milk bottles. We believe that the Appellate Division infringed upon the constitutional province of the jury in deciding that question as a matter of law, in favor of the defendant. Moreover, we feel that the court acted at least in part, upon the mistaken, and potentially dangerous, assumption that defendant had satisfied its duty of reasonable care by taking only those precautions which are said to be customary in the milk bottling industry. If the defendant bottler was negligent in that the precautions taken by it were not adequate to eliminate hazards reasonably to be anticipated, it is no answer, we think, that other bottlers were likewise negligent and took similarly inadequate precautions. Since the decision herein will intimately affect the daily lives and the safety of millions of people in this State, we must express our disagreement.
Plaintiff suffered a deep and jagged laceration in her right palm when a milk bottle from which she was pouring “ fell apart ” in her hand. The bottle of milk had been purchased from a local grocer and bore the imprint of the defendant dairy company. Pieces of the broken bottle were preserved by plaintiff and examined by a glass expert. From his microscopic and polariscopic study of the broken pieces, he was able to testify with certainty that the sudden fracture of the bottle in plaintiff’s hand had not been caused by an external blow, but had been caused by what he termed a “ thermal shock ”. In his own words, “ An examination of the bottle shows that it was properly manufactured. There was no excessive internal strain in the bottle. An examination of the fracture shows that it is a typical thermal shock fracture. That is, the break was produced by a crack being induced in the bottle, that the crack in turn being caused by the bottle being subjected to excessive temperature differential; some place somewhere along the line this bottle had hot liquid hit it, causing a crack to form on the top. Unfortunately the crack wasn’t sufficient to break the top off completely. The crack was incomplete. However, those things happen quite often, and then subsequent normal handling *273becomes the straw that breaks the camel’s back, and the bottle then fractures completely. The original necessary and competent producing cause of the fracture is thermal shock.”
The qualifications of the expert were not disputed, nor was there any contradiction of his testimony as to the cause of the sudden fracture. Further evidence on behalf of plaintiff was sufficient to establish to the satisfaction of a jury that the thermal crack had not occurred after the milk bottle left the control of the defendant dairy company. The bottles were delivered to plaintiff’s grocer in wooden cases, twelve bottles to a case with a separate compartment for each bottle. The cases were placed in a refrigerator in the store where they remained until the individual milk bottles were sold to the public. Plaintiff purchased the bottle of milk about 11:30 a.m. She put it in her shopping bag and went directly home where she placed the bottle on a table. At lunch time, she was pouring a glass of milk from the bottle when it cracked in her hand. As noted, the jury could find that the thermal crack was present in the bottle when it was delivered to the retailer. That, of course, leads to one of two inferences: Either defendant reused a defective bottle or the thermal crack occurred at some point along the defendant’s bottling line. In either event, the determinative question is whether defendant exercised reasonable care under the circumstances in its inspection and handling of the bottles which, according to its practice, were used over and over again.
In that state of the proof, the burden was shifted to defendant to go forward with evidence that it did all that a reasonable and prudent person might be expected to do under the circumstances to detect the presence in the bottles of dangerous defects of the kind here involved. Defendant attempted to meet this burden by offering the testimony of one person, the man who was in charge of its pasteurization and bottling operations. He testified that when the bottles come into the plant they are in cases, twelve bottles to a case. Those cases are put on a conveyor under which there are a series of lights. An employee looks at the bottles in the cases as they move by him. The cases are then placed in stacks until nightfall when they are put back on the conveyor. Another employee then looks to see if there are any “ foreign substance — chips, strays or broken bottles ” in the case before it goes to the washer. At the washer, a man places *274eight bottles at a time on a work table and they are tipped over into the prerinse' compartment in water with a temperature of about 63 degrees. Then follows a series of washings and rinsings in chemically treated water with temperatures ranging from 63 degrees to 105-110 degrees to 135-140 degrees and then down again to a final rinse at about 61 degrees. The bottles, then come out of the washer — still eight at a time — onto a discharge table where another employee watches to.see if there are .any “ dirty bottles, cracked bottles, chipped bottles.” The bottles are filled by extracting air from them,, so that the 'milk.is drawn in by the vacuum created. If there is a crack in the bottle, sufficiently wide enough to let air in, he said the bottle would not fill. -The bottles are then capped by the úse of a pneumatic lift. A man stands between the filler and the hooding machine and inspects the bottles with the milk in to see whether £ £ the bottles are dirty, cracked or the bottle didn’t fill up * * There were twenty-eight men in all working in the department and on an average night the company bottles 30,000 to 40,000 bottles of milk. There was no testimony that the defendant’s employees were performing their assigned tasks at the time in question. '
The witness admitted that men in the department did not see all the cracks that might be in the bottles as they moved by, and in particular that the man watching the bottles after, they were capped could not see a crack in the neck óf the bottle (which apparently was where the bottle in the instant case broke), because at that time a second cap or hood covers the neck of the bottle. He testified that, the men watch each and every bottle even though the bottles pass at the rate of one per second. He further admitted that no magnifying glass .nor special lights were employed, and that there were no scientific tests at all. He had never heard of a-polariscope until he heard plaintiff’s expert testify. He had-heard of a hydrostatic pressure test but had never seen a hydrostatic machine. Likewise, he had heard of thermal shock tests, but he admitted that, “ I wouldn’t know one if I.saw one ”.
In the light of this testimony, we return to the testimony of plaintiff’s expert. ■ He flatly stated that a reasonable inspection prior to filling the bottle,'would “ most definitely reveal the presence of that crack in it.” He continued: “ A reasonable, careful ocular examination in the front: — using a large magni*275fying glass and a large light would have revealed this crack since the crack must have been-large'in order to break due to normal handling, or the bottler could have used a polariscope and subjected the bottle to polariscopic examination, and the crack of course would have shown up very well then.” He stated that this polariscopic test was acceptable in industry and provided for by the standard testing agency of the country, the American Society of Testing Materials, whose standards are the “ bible ” of the testing industry.
Defendant’s counsel cross-examined plaintiff’s expert primarily with reference to a tour taken by the expert through another milk bottling plant some years before. He elicited testi.monv that in that plant there had been no examination of all of the reused bottles, that men were merely placed at strategic points while the bottles went through the washing and-filling process to eliminate the occurrence of “ jams ”, No polar- . iscopic examination of the bottles was there made. He admitted that this was “ the normal routine method This testimony as to the lack of examination in the other milk bottling company obviously weighed heavily in the judgment of the majority in the Appellate Division who, in reversing the jury verdict in plaintiff’s favor and in dismissing the complaint, relied upon the fact that the defendant “ in all respects followed the customary practice and procedure of bottlers of milk in its handling of the milk bottles.” (276 App. Div. 854.)
On redirect, plaintiff’s expert vehemently denied that the failure of the other 'milk bottling company to use a polariscopic examination meant that it was safe to put untested bottles in the hands, of the general public. He added that bottles come into the plant after being subjected to use and abuse outside in the hands of customers and that the bottler is ignorant of the condition of the returned bottle unless he tests it. To the suggestion . that methods were safe to the public simply because they were . common accepted ordinary methods, the expert said that “ Custom is oftentimes vicious, even though it is custom ”, and that custom could not “ substantiate the use or-practice of putting out a bottle without testing. ”
The evidence, in our judgment, raised a clear question of fact as to whether defendant exercised reasonable care in inspecting the reused bottles for cracks and defects. The jury could find *276that mere observation by men, without special training and equipment, of tens of thousands of bottles constantly passing by on. a conveyor belt at the rate of one per second, at times when the bottles were either stacked in cases or the tops were capped with hoods, did not constitute reasonable care under the circumstances. The jury could further find that defendant was negligent in failing to subject the reused bottles to tests of any kind, polariscopic or otherwise. We are unable to understand why reasonable minds might not draw these inferences. Nor can we understand the process of reasoning by which a defendant is permitted to exonerate itself by showing that it was no more negligent than others in its business. As was said in another case involving a broken bottle (Saglimbeni v. West End Brewing Co., 274 App. Div. 201, 204, affd. 298 N. Y. 875): " If the hazard remained after standard tests were made the jury was not bound to find that such tests were conclusive proof of due care. It would be a strange doctrine indeed, to admit the hazard, created for economic reasons, and then say as a matter of law that the public must bear the risk.” And as was aptly observed by Justice Johnston below, " The customary way of doing a thing may he a negligent way. Standard practice is not conclusive on the issue of negligence. It was for the jury to say, even though usage and custom were shown, whether the standard practice was negligent. If that were not the rule, defendants could, by a general custom or habit of acting, create a rule of law for their own exemption.” (276 App. Div. 854.) (See, also, Shannahan v. Empire Eng. Corp., 204 N. Y. 543, 550.)
The case of Smith v. Peerless Glass Co. (259 N. Y. 292), does not require a different result. That case, decided in 1932, was not intended to fix, for all time, the minimum standard of care necessary on the part of all bottlers to avoid liability for injuries caused by the use of defective bottles. Bach case must stand on its own particular facts. In the Smith case (supra), we held simply that the bottler’s tests were adequate to guard against the risk of putting into the hands of the public a bottle which could not withstand internal pressure from carbonated soda water. The tests there used, in addition to visual examination, were the subjection of each bottle to a 35-pound per square inch pressure upon filling it with the carbonated beverage, and a further pressure of between 700 and 800 pounds on each bottle *277upon capping with the crowning mechanism. In addition, there was there no evidence that any other and different tests were available for use by bottlers. These tests, we felt, were sufficient at that time to guard against the hazard of an explosion due to internal pressure. In the instant case, however, we are concerned with a different hazard — that of fracture due to thermal shock without any significant internal pressure. To say that the Smith case controls here is to say that this court in 1932 laid down a standard of industrial testing for all kinds of bottlers of all types of liquids for all time as to what conduct would be sufficient in law to absolve them of liability. The statement of the proposition contains its own refutation. While we feel that the Smith case is distinguishable from the situation here presented, we prefer to take the view that the standards of care which were judicially determined to be adequate eighteen years ago are not necessarily- so today.
In short, we think that it was for the jury to find, under all the circumstances of the case, whether the methods used by the defendant herein were reasonably adequate to detect the anticipated hazard, and that this is so even though defendant may have used methods which are now, or were twenty years ago, customary in the bottling industry.
The judgment of the Appellate Division should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to appellants to abide the event.
Loughran, Oh. J., Desmond, Dye and Fuld, JJ., concur with Lewis, J.; Conway, J., dissents in opinion in which Froessel, J., concurs.
Judgment affirmed.