(concurring). Because I cannot agree that, as a matter of law, a foreign citizen with a B-l (business) or a B-2 (tourist) visa is automatically precluded from maintaining a primary residence under New York’s rent stabilization laws, and because I further disagree with the proposition that “a primary residence in New York and a B-2 visa are logically incompatible” (see majority op at 317), I write separately. I nonetheless concur in the result as I believe summary judgment was properly granted in this ejectment action since there are no triable issues of fact remaining as to the issue of primary residency considering the unrebutted evidence of the tenant’s sporadic and tenuous ties to the occupancy of the apartment, her B-2 “tourist” visa, her admissions that she has not occupied the apartment for over three years (albeit due to a mold condition), reports from building personnel and the lack of New York State tax returns or other proof of residence. Defendant’s attempt to rebut plaintiff’s contentions in an attorney’s affirmation pertaining to solely the issue of an alleged mold condition is insufficient to raise a triable issue of fact.
Rent Stabilization Code (9 NYCRR) § 2524.4 (c) allows a landlord to refuse to renew a stabilized tenant’s lease if the tenant does not occupy the premises as a “primary residence.” The purpose of this law is to alleviate the shortage of housing in New York City by returning underutilized apartments to the marketplace for residents who need them (see Matter of Herzog v Joy, 74 AD2d 372, 374 [1st Dept 1980], affd for reasons stated below 53 NY2d 821 [1981]; see also Governor’s Mem approving L 1971, ch 371, 1971 McKinney’s Session Laws of NY, at 2608). It is axiomatic that residents of New York City who may be in dire need of affordable housing should be able to obtain such housing before occupants who reside elsewhere and misuse rent-stabilized properties as, for example, warehouses, pieds-a-terre for occasional visits or for other more nefarious purposes.
The landlord bears the initial burden of showing that the tenant did not utilize the apartment as a primary residence (see Glenbriar Co. v Lipsman, 5 NY3d 388, 392 [2005]). Although *319the terminology “primary residence” is, as the majority notes, left undefined by the Code, appellate courts have described it as “an ongoing, substantial, physical nexus with the controlled premises for actual living purposes—which can be demonstrated by objective, empirical evidence” (Emay Props. Corp. v Norton, 136 Misc 2d 127, 129 [App Term, 1st Dept 1987]).
The Code does, however, outline the evidentiary factors to be considered in determining primary residency. In doing so, it provides in unequivocal terms that “no single factor shall be solely determinative” (9 NYCRR 2520.6 [u]), because a court should consider all of the relevant evidence, if applicable, including: (1) the address listed by the tenant on any tax return, driver’s license, motor vehicle registration or other document filed with a public agency; (2) the tenant’s address for voter registration; (3) the amount of time the tenant occupies the rent-regulated apartment, specifically if the tenant occupies the apartment for less than an aggregate total of 183 days in the most recent calendar year; and (4) any subletting of the apartment (see 9 NYCRR 2520.6 [u] [l]-[4]).
Although this record is replete with indicia of tenant’s non-primary residency, the majority relies on just a single factor— her B-2 visa status (cf. Glenbriar, 5 NY3d at 391, 393 [parties put forward evidence of several factors in arguing primary residence] ; Draper v Georgia Props., 94 NY2d 809, 811 [1999] [same])—giving undue weight to federal immigration laws in addressing this case which is governed by the Rent Stabilization Code.
United States Constitution, article I, § 8 (4) provides that the federal government has sole authority over immigration matters. The federal government passes immigration laws with a totally different purpose and intent than the Rent Stabilization Code. Consequently, the use of similar terminology in an immigration law should not define the important rights and protections for tenants under our rent stabilization laws. Thus, an analysis of a tenant’s immigration status should not be dispositive or, in certain cases, even relevant to a resident’s ability to maintain rent-stabilized housing (see Balbuena v IDR Realty LLC, 6 NY3d 338, 362-363 [2006] [violation of immigration laws alone cannot prevent recovery of damages for work-related injuries]).
Furthermore, as stated in the dissenting opinion below, it is unclear under our current immigration laws whether a B-l or *320B-2 visa holder may be able to stay in the United States for more than one year. B-l and B-2 visa holders may obtain six-month extensions (see 8 CFR 214.2 [b] [1]), or they may be able to adjust their status by being granted (1) political asylum (see e.g. Pavlova v Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 441 F3d 82 [2d Cir 2006]); (2) student visas (F-1 visas) (see e.g. Ayoub v Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 708 F2d 721 [6th Cir 1982] [table; text at 1982 US App LEXIS 11305]); or (3) temporary-worker privileges (see e.g. Urban v Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 123 F3d 644, 646 [7th Cir 1997]). Thus, the fact that a resident has a B-1 or B-2 visa may not adequately define the duration of residency as adjustments in immigration status can often result in a protracted stay and in some cases be coterminous with the duration of a rent-stabilized lease.
I thus conclude that the evidence submitted by plaintiff, including defendant’s immigration status, her extremely limited use of the apartment and the lack of documentary evidence linking her to the residence establishes a prima facie case of nonprimary residence. Because defendant has failed to submit evidence to rebut plaintiffs contentions and likewise to demonstrate that she maintains a substantial physical nexus to the apartment, summary judgment for plaintiff is warranted.
Judges Graffeo, Read, Pigott and Jones concur with Judge Smith; Judge Ciparick concurs in result in a separate opinion; Chief Judge Kaye taking no part.
Order affirmed, etc.