Bruce v. Bruce

Andrews, J.

The plaintiffs are the executors of the will of Catherine L. Wolfe, deceased, and this action was brought to settle their accounts. The case was sent to a referee to take and state the accounts of the plaintiffs as such executors, to take testimony as to any question which might arise on said accounts, and to report the testimony taken, and the accounts, with his opinion as to the questions of law and fact involved therein. Such testimony was taken, and, the referee having made his report, the action was brought to trial at the special term. The referee allowed the plaintiffs commissions on all moneys actually received and paid out by them, and also allowed each executor 1 per cent, on the value of certain real estate, which was appraised at $1,472,000. The special term adopted the views set forth by the referee in his report, and a judgment was entered .which, among other things, provided for the retention by each of the plaintiffs of the sum of $17,449.95 as •commissions on personal property; and the further sum of $14,720, which •was 1 per cent, on the value of such real estate; and from so much of the judgment as awarded commissions upon the value of the real estate this appeal is taken.

We are unable to concur in the view taken by the learned referee and the court below as to the commissions allowed upon the value of the real .estate. Originally a person acting in a fiduciary capacity was not entitled to receive any compensation for his services in the administration of the trust. Manning v. Manning, 1 Johns. Ch. 534. In 1817 the legislature passed an act allowing the court of chancery, on the settlement of the accounts of guardians, executors, and administrators, to make a reasonable allowance to them for their services, over and above their expenses. Chapter 251, Laws 1817. That court thereupon adopted a rule allowing guardians, executors, and administrators a certain percentage upon all sums of money received and paid out by .them. 3 Johns. Ch. 630. Subsequently the legislaturc passed a law which contained substantially the same provisions as the rule of court, and which, as amended, is now in force, (4 Rev. St., 8th Ed., pp. 2564,2565,)—the statute applying to committees of lunatics, (In re Roberts, 3 Johns. Ch. 43,) and to assignees and trustees of all kinds, (Meacham v. Sternes, 9 Paige, 398.) It was also held by the court of chancery that where an executor, instead of collecting in the money upon good and collectible securities, for the benefit of the legatees, transfers such securities to a third person for the use of such legatees, with'their assent, he is entitled to the same commissions as if he had actually received and paid over the money. The legislature subsequently amended the statute so as to allow separate commissions to each executor, in certain cases, (Laws 1863, c. 362;) and also conferred upon the surrogate’s court the power to take and state the accounts of testamentary trustees, (Laws 1850, c. 272;) and upon the settlement of such accounts to award the same commissions as were awarded in similar cases in the supreme court, (Laws 1866, c. 115.) The statutes above mentioned are the only ones which, in this state, authorize the payment of executors and trustees for their services as such; and the question presented is whether the plaintiffs, by virtue of the services which they rendered in regard to the residuary real estate of the testatrix, can be regarded as having received and paid out said sum of $1,472,000. The question of the compensation of executors and trustees has frequently been before the courts, but no case is referred to in the briefs of counsel, nor do we know of any, in which the facts involved were precisely similar to those presented in the case at bar.

The will of Mrs. Wolfe contained many specific devises and bequests, and then all the rest of the estate, both real and personal, was devised and bequeathed to 18 of her cousins, share and share alike. To enable the executors to provide for the pecuniary legacies and requirements of the will, (but for that purpose only,) they were given by the twenty-first clause thereof an unqualified power of sale of any real estate which belonged to the testatrix, in her own right, and was not specifically devised. The said twenty-first clause also contained the following: “I also authorize and empower them to cause just partition to be made of any real and personal estate herein disposed of, to and among the several persons who may be or become entitled to undivided shares of or in the same under the provisions of this my will; and, for the purpose of making partition of any such estate, they shall have power in each instance to appoint, under their hands and seals, three suitable persons as commissioners to appraise, allot, and set apart, as may be just and equitable, the respective shares of such estate to the parties entitled thereto; and upon the completion of such allotment, and when the same shall have been approved by my executors, I empower them to carry the same into effect by executing and delivering to the respective parties entitled to such estate all such declarations of allotment, or such releases, conveyances, or transfers as may be suitable for that purpose; and if any piece or parcel of property shall be of such disproportionate value that, in the judgment of such commissioners or of my executors, it cannot properly be allotted to any one share, then they may, in their discretion, allot it in undivided parts to two or more shares. And I further provide that, after such commissioners shall have made their valuations and allotments as nearly equal or equitable as the circumstances may admit, they shall have power, in order to produce more entire equality, to award such sums out of any funds hereinbefore provided for that purpose, as in their judgment may be necessary, to be made by any or either of the persons taking any of such shares to any other of those who may take any other share or shares; and they may also, if necessary, charge any residue of any such payment upon any share or shares of the real estate to be allotted by them as aforesaid. ”

Under the provisions of the will above stated, the residuary real estate vested in the devisees named in the twentieth clause, and the executors were made the donees of a power in trust. The executors executed the powers conferred upon them by the twenty-first clause of the will, by appointing three commissioners to make partition of such residuary real estate, and subsequently did execute and deliver to the respective parties such declarations of allotment or transfers as were considered suitable to carry into effect the provisions of the will. It appears to be conceded upon the papers before us that the executors devoted a good deal of time to this matter; and that, if the court had the power to allow them any compensation for their services in relation to the real estate, the amounts that were allowed by the referee and the court are not unreasonable. But the difficulty about the matter is that, assuming that the claim of the executors to be paid for such services is a meritorious one, we can find no provision in the statutes which authorizes the court to make any allowance at all; nor is there any reported case in which it has been held that, upon a similar state of facts, executors were entitled to compensation for such services, by virtue of the provisions of the statutes above stated; or that the court, upon a similar state of facts, had the power to authorize them to retain money in their hands as compensation for such services. . ,

In the case of Collier v. Munn, 41 N. Y. 143, one of the executors was an attorney at law, and, at the request of his co-exeeútors-and some of the legatees, had rendered services for the estate. There was no dispute as to the necessity or the value of the services, and it was not contended that the amount claimed was more than a reasonable compensation. . nevertheless the executor’s claim for services was disallowed by the surrogate, and the decree which disallowed the claim was affirmed by the general term and the court of appeals, upon the ground that the percentages allowed by the statute were the limit of the compensation which the executor could receive for all the services rendered by him in relation to the trust-estate.

In the case of Lent v. Howard, 89 N. Y. 169, upon which counsel for the executors largely rely, it was held by the court ofo appeals that an executor, who had performed services in relation to real estate devised by the will of which he was an executor, might and should receive reasonable compensation for such services; but in that case the services performed were not devolved upon the executor by the will. The executors were given the power to sell the real estate, and convert the same into money, but they did not do so. The property consisted partly of real and partly of personal estate. There were two executors, and one took charge of the personal property, and the other of the real estate, whicli consisted of five farms. The executor who had charge of the farms was a farmer, and he assumed the.control and management of such farms, and continued in charge, working the same, and receiving the rents and profits, for about 15 years. All this was done with the consent of all the parties in interest, and for their benefit; and it certainly would have been a case of very great hardship if the executor in that case could not have received compensation for such services. The court of appeals recognized the rule that an executor cannot receive for his services, as such, anything beyond the percentages allowed by the statute. But they held that, in that particular case, the executor, who had managed the farms, ought to receive a reasonable compensation out of the gross rents and profits of the real estate which he had managed, placing their decision, apparently, upon the ground that such services were no part of his duty as executor, but not stating from what source the court derived the power to grant such compensation. The court said: “The principle is that, for the personal services of an executor or trustee, in the discharge of executorial duties, or those which pertain to his trust, the commissions allowed by law are deemed to be a full equivalent. We are not disposed to impair the force of this statutory rule, although in some cases the statutory compensation may be quite inadequate. But we think the rule does not fairly, or justly apply to the claim of the defendant Bailey to be allowed, out of the gross rents and profits of the real estate, a suitable compensation for services, in the nature of a charge thereon for his labor expended in producing them. It was no part of his executorial duty to spend his time and labor in conducting the business of carrying on the farms. Clearly, there can be no ground for claiming that he owed any duty whatever in respect to the homestead farm; but, as has been said, this farm was managed in the same way as the rest. The executors were not entitled to the possession of the testator’s real estáte. The control and management was apparently surrendered to Bailey by the consent of all the parties in interest. In accounting, the executors should be charged with the net income and profits, and we think that a reasonable compensation to Bailey for his services and labor is a proper element to be considered in ascertaining them.” Evidently the court of appeals thought that case could be distinguished from the case of Collier v. Munn, supra, for it is stated in the opinion that an executor will not be allowed compensation for his own services as attorney in the affairs of the estate, and said case of Collier v. Munn is cited as an authority for that proposition; and we do not see how the decision in Lent v. Howard helps the case of the plaintiffs, for in that case the services rendered were not devolved upon the executor by the will itself, nor were they those which the executor was under any obligation whatever to perform, whereas, in the case at bar, the services about the real estate, for which compensation is claimed, were expressly devolved upon the executors by the will itself, and, as they undertook the execution of the will, they were in duty bound to perform such services, whether they could receive compensation therefor or not.

There are other cases in which it has been held that persons named in a will as executors were also entitled to compensation as trustees, (Johnson v. Lawrence, 95 N. Y. 154; Laytin v. Davidson, Id. 263; Phœnix v. Livingston, 101 N. Y. 451, 5 N. E. Rep. 70;) but none of these cases support the claim of the plaintiff. They were all cases in which there was a plain separation of the duties devolved by the will upon the plaintiffs therein as executors and those devolved upon them as trustees; and the duties as trustees involved labor and responsibility for years after the duties as executors had been entirely performed, and after the estate had been transferred from the individuals named as executors to themselves as trustees. In the present case the executors were the donees of a power in trust, and it was absolutely necessary that they should execute such power in the performance of their duties as executors; and it is impossible to sustain the provisions of the judgment granting them compensation for services about the real estate upon any theory that they were entitled to it as trustees, for they had no title to the real estate.

In the case of Phœnix v. Livingston, 101 N. Y. 451, 5 N. E. Rep. 70, the facts were not precisely similar to those in the case at bar, but the reasoning of the court is applicable, and it seems to us must be regarded as fatal to the claim of the plaintiffs. In that case the individuals named as executors were also named as trustees in the will, and the court held that they were entitled to double commissions. Part of the property disposed of by the will was real estate, the fee of which vested in certain grandchildren, by force of the will, at the death of the testator. The will gave the executors the power to sell and to rent such real estate, and they did in fact manage such property for a series of years, receiving the rents and profits thereof, which were applied to the maintenance of certain trusts created by the will. On the termination of the trust there was a large amount of land which had not been sold, and it was claimed that the trustees were entitled to commissions upon the value of that land. The court of appeals, however, held that commissions could not be allowed upon.the value of such lands, but must be limited to percentages upon the amounts of money actually received and paid out by them. Finch, J., speaking for the court, said: “We ought not to wander from the statute and strain its construction to an extent approaching perilously near to legislation. In the present case the fee of the lands, it is conceded, vested in the grandchildren by force of the will, at the date of the death of the testator. The estate of the trustees took priority only for purposes of the trust. Stevenson v. Lesley, 70 N. Y. 512. They were authorized to sell and to rent the real estate, and upon all sums of money thus realized and passing through their hands they were entitled to commissions; but the unsold lands at the close of the trust passed to the possession of the remainder-men, not through any title derived from the trustees, but by force of the original devise. The trustees transferred no land, but simply refrained from exercising their power of converting it into money. And so they not only never paid it out even constructively by any grant or conveyance, but never even received the absolute fee which all the time was a vested interest in remainder. Their estate was simply commensurate with their trust, bounded as to the duration by the terms of the trust, and as to the unsold lands never equaling in value that of the fee.” The counsel for the plaintiffs seems to distinguish the case at bar from that of Phœnix v. Livingston because of the fact that the executors, in the case at bar, did execute declarations of allotment and transfers of the real estate, as required by the will, and he claims that, therefore, it must be considered that, constructively, they did receive and pay out an amount of money equal to the value of such real estate. This is a plausible argument, but it does not seem to us to be sound. We do not see how the executors can be regarded as having constructively received and paid out an amount equal to the value of the land when they had no title whatever to the land itself. The fee was vested in the devisees named in the will, and the executors were merely the owners of a power in trust. But, even if the case of Phœnix v. Livingston is not regarded as entirely conclusive against the claim of the plaintiffs, it certainly must be regarded as exceedingly unfavorable to such claim.

The opinion of the learned referee, to whom the case was sent, indicates that he thought that the plaintiffs had rendered services about the real estate, for which, upon the merits, they ought to be compensated, but that he was somewhat embarrassed to find authority of law for allowing such compensation is apparent. He refers to the case of Phœnix v. Livingston, supra, but thinks the case at bar can be distinguished from that one, because the several shares of real estate did not under the will vest absolutely in the parties mentioned in the nineteenth clause thereof, and that something was required, to-wit, an active approval and making of the allotments by the executors, and a deed by them. The two cases are undoubtedly distinguishable in the manner suggested by the referee, but that does not materially aid the plaintiffs. The fact that the cases differ somewhat leads to the result that Phœnix v. Livingston is not conclusive against the plaintiffs, but that fact does not weaken the force of the reasoning of the court in that case.

The referee also found a further reason for allowing commissions to the plaintiffs, in the consideration that the adoption of a rule that commissions should not be allowed to executors, in such cases, would array the interest of executors against their duties, and destroy their freedom of action, and that executors would be induced to exercise the power of sale vested in them unnecessarily, and against the interest of eestuis que trustent, for the purpose of earning their commissions. If an application were made to the legislature to change the statute so as to allow commissions in cases like the one now before us, it would be proper to call the attention of that body to these considerations, and it is possible the legislature would deem them of such weight as to require that the statute should be so amended. They are not considerations, however, which will justify the court in adopting a construction of the statute which is not warranted by its terms, or justify it in itself amending the statute without the intervention of the legislature.

The learned referee, however, finally based his decision upon the following ground: “I am of opinion plaintiffs are entitled to statutory compensation for their services by reason of the terms of the will, because a necessary division and conveyance of the real estate in kind to the devisees is equivalent to the exercise of a power of sale and a division of theproceeds.” In placing his decision upon this ground, the learned referee doubtless had in mind the decision of the court of chancery in the case of Cairns v. Chaubert, 9 Paige, 160, in which executors were allowed commissions upon personal securities which they had distributed without converting the same into cash. That decision itself involved a very liberal construction of the statute, and in fact, it might be said, an amendmentof the statute. But in that case, however, the title of the securities was vested in the executors. They had the power to sell the securities, and it would have been their duty to sell the same, but for the consent of the parties in interest that they should be assigned to a trust company without a sale. In the case at bar the title to the real estate was not vested in the executors, but in the devisees. The executors had the power to sell, to provide money for the pecuniary legacies, and to carry out some other requirements of the will; but their duty as to the bulk of the real estate was not to sell it, but to cause it to be partitioned, and it would have been a violation of their duty if they had sold it. It may very well be that the services rendered by the plaintiffs about the real estate ought to be declared by statute to be equivalent to the receiving and paying out of money upon the sale of such real estate, but the statute does not declare them to be such equivalent, and for the court to construe the statute in such a manner as to make equivalent would be not only, as the court of appeals said in Phœnix v. Livingston, “perilously near legislation,” but would be actual legislation.

The learned judge before whom the case was tried at special term filed a brief memorandum, which contains, among other things, the following: “I am satisfied with the reasoning of the learned referee, and deem it unnecessary to add anything to his opinion upon the main question presented to him.” He may have been influenced in his conclusion, as the referee apparently was, by the fact that the plaintiffs had rendered services, and that the only way in which they could be remunerated for the same was by adopting the construction of the statute which was placed upon it by the referee. We might also be willing to adopt that construction so far as the merits are concerned, if we felt at liberty to do so; but as we think that such construction is inadmissible, so much of the judgment at special term as awarded $14,720 to each executor for services in relation to the real estate should be reversed, with costs.