The principal questions in controversy on the appeal ■arise out of the decree of the county court on the accounting of the assignee, who failed to charge himself, in the account filed, with certain items of wool, and a buggy, embraced in the inventory filed by the assignee. The inventory price of this wool was $1,101.34, and the inventory price of the buggy was $70. The account, as filed, was objected to by the First National Bank of Amsterdam, a creditor of the assignor, having an interest in assigned estate, and the assignee’s account was surcharged by the bank with the amount of these items embraced in the inventory. The assignee, in his accounts filed, credited himself, and charged the assigned ■estate, with certain services, disbursements, and counsel fees paid for legal ■services of counsel employed by him and rendered by him and his law partner in various litigations in which he, as assignee, had been involved in the administration of his trust, which were objected to by the First National Bank of Amsterdam ; and a referee was appointed by the court to take and state the accounts of the assignee, and report to the county •court.
The case discloses that hearings were had and proofs taken before the •referee, upon which he made his report to the county court, with the *210proofs' taken by him ; and the report, as amended, was by that court, in all things, confirmed, and the decree from which this appeal is taken was based upon such report, and is in all things conformable thereto. The referee, by his report, charged the assignee with the wool and buggy, as charged in the inventory, but deducted from the inventory priceofthe wool the sum of $348, being the amountof possible loss on the Philadelphia wool. The referee rejected all of the assignee’s claims for professional services in the various litigations connected with his trust, and also the professional services of the law firm of which he was a member, except a charge of $500 for services in preparing and making his final accounts before the county court; and the assignee excepted to the decision of the referee in rejecting such claim for services, and the contestant, the bank, excepts to the allowance of the $500 on the' accounting. There were some other items of account charged against the assignee, to which he excepted, but we think that there was sufficient evidence before the referee to uphold his report in reference to such items, so that the principal question left for consideration on this appeal by the assignee is whether the items of counsel fees and legal services rendered by the assignee, and the assignee and his partner, as attorney and counselor in the various litigations in which he was involved as assignee, were properly rejected by the referee, and excluded by the court in making the decree. The referee does not find the assignee guilty of bad faith in incurring these legal expenses, but assumes that if he acted in good faith he was guilty of grave errors of judgment. The referee, upon the theory that the assignee acted in good faith, allowed him credit for all disbursements in these litigations, for which vouchers or satisfactory proofs are furnished, but rejects all charges for, professional services performed, either by the assignee or the assignee and his partner.
The rule has long been settled, both in England and this country, that while a trustee may, for necessary services, employ clerks, agents, and attorneys in the necessary management of the trust estate, he cannot perform such outside services, and be compensated for them out of the trust estate; and this rule seems to be founded upon a sound principle of public policy, of removing from the trustee all temptation for involving the trust estate in complication or controversy, with the purpose of increasing the trustee’s compensation. There is great force in the contention of the assignee that some of these services were rendered in successfully defending himself from a proceeding for his removal instituted and conducted by the bank as a creditor of the assigned estate, which it was the duty of the assignee to resist; and there is little doubt but that if these professional services had been rendered by an attorney employed by the assignee, and not by himself and partner, he could have paid them, out of the assigned estate, a reasonable compensation, which could have been credited to him on his accounts; and thesame mavbesaid of some of the other litigations in which he was involved in his efforts to marshal and to protect the assets of the assigned estate. But he cannot for that purpose employ himself, either as an individual or firm, and charge such services up against the estate. Such authority, if provided for in the assignment, *211would render it fraudulent and void. Nichols v. McEwan, 17 N. Y. 22. In this case the court say, in speaking of the commissions as compensations of an assignee:
“They [commissions] are permitted in deference only to the analogies of the statute on the subject of executors, guardians, committees, and official assignees. * * * But, even in those cases, no assignee, even if he be a lawyer, is ever allowed his ‘ expenses, costs charged, and commissions, together with a reasonable counsel fee.’ ”
In Campbell v. Woodworth, 24 N. Y. 306, the court say:
“The compensation or commission which the law allows is for the labor, time, service, and attention of the assignee, actually done, spent, given, and bestowed in and about the business of the trust created. ” “It is for the performance of these services that the law has fixed a certain rate of compensation, which is denominated as ‘ commissions,’ and has adjudged that such rate of compensation is just and reasonable in all cases. ”
In Re Bank of Niagara, 6 Paige, 215, the chancellor uses this language:
“The employment of counsel, and payment of a proper allowance for such services. when necessary, requires the exercise of sound discretion on the part of the receiver or the trustee of the fund out of which such services are to be paid. It would therefore be as unsafe to allow a receiver or trustee to contract with and pay himself for such extra services as it would be to allow him to become the purchaser of trust property which it is his duty to sell to the best advantage for the benefit of the estate. * * * No allowance for extra counsel fees to himself can therefore be made to a receiver or other trustee upon the settlement of his accounts. ”
These cases were commented on and approved in Collier v. Munn, 41 N. Y. 143; and the doctrine was again repeated that an executor or trustee cannot receive from the estate any greater compensation than the statute commissions for his own services, however meritorious or ex- • traordinary they may be. This case arose when an executor, who was an attorney, at the instance of the coexecutor and the legatee and devisee of the real estate, solicited him to defend an action of ejectment prosecuted to recover real estate claimed as a part of the property of the testator, and the coexecutors and devisee agreed to pay him for such services, and the court, in concluding its opinion in that case, uses this language:
“With the unreasonableness of the resistance of this claim of the appellant, which is for valuable services, rendered in good faith, far beyond what his duty as executor required, or with the eminent propriety of payment by the adult legatees for a service from which they have apparently derived so considerable a benefit, we cannot deal. ”
Within this rule, we are not to speculate whether or not the trust estate was benefited by those professional services, as it would seem that, within these decisions, we have no duty left, except to obey the rule of law to which we have referred. Nor do we see how, upon this appeal, we can charge the expense of the unsuccessful effort of the bank to remove the assignee upon the respondent. The costs of that proceeding ought to have been fixed, as they probably were, by the order denying their application, for the removal of the assignee; and, if not satisfactorily disposed of by that order, it could have been reviewed on an appeal from it.
Many other questions are raised on this appeal, but we see no error against the appellant, on this appeal, for which this decree can be reversed.
*212The remaining question is as to the appeal taken by the bank from that part of the amended decree, allowing the assignee $500 as costs and allowance on his final accounting. The amended decree recites that that allowance was consented to by one of the counsel for the bank. Upon the motion for such amendment of the decree, the question as to whether or not such consent was made is controverted by opposing affidavits, and, without undertaking to pass upon the weight of evidence before the county judge upon that disputed question of fact, we are not inclined to reverse the finding of the learned county judge upon that question. But it is insisted by the appellant on this motion that, if such consent was given, it did not bind the bank. We cannot agree with this contention. The court must repose confidence in the authority assumed to be exercised by the attorneys, who are its officers; and when an attorney duly appears in open court, or by a proper notice of retainer, in the absence of fraud or collusion, he must .be deemed as representing his client, who must be bound by his acts in the regular line of his duty. Palen v. Starr, 7 Hun, 423, 424. In that case she (defendant) admitted that a summons was duly served upon her; that she employed an attorney to appear for her. “She now denies any specific authority to her attorney to allow such judgment to be taken against her. But this is of no consequence, since the attorney has general power.” The county judge having found and recited in the order the consent of the attorney for the bank under it, we think he had authority to make the allowance. The decree should be affirmed, with costs, on the assignee’s appeal; and the order amending the decree, from which the First National Bank of Amsterdam appeals, should be affirmed with $10 costs and printing disbursements against said bank. Orders may be entered in accordance with this determination. All concur.