This is an appeal from a judgment entered upon a nonsuit granted by a judge at the Columbia circuit. The action was prosecuted by the plaintiff against the defendant to recover for the alleged negligence of the defendant in failing to place a suitable railing along the outside of a bridge over the Kmderhook creek, which the defendant was bound to maintain as a part of a public highway in that town, by reason of which the plaintiff’s testator fell from the bridge, and was killed. The evidence discloses that the plaintiff’s testator, for many years previous to his death, resided at Malden Bridge, in the town of Chat-ham, where he owned or operated two paper mills and a farm.' That he resided on the opposite side of the creek from that on which his mills were located, and that access from his residence to the mills was over an iron bridge of about 160 feet in length, having two spans of 80 feet each, and which had stood there since about 1869, in substantially its present condition. The testator, at the time of the accident, was 78 years of age, active, and in good health. The bridge was supported by two iron arches, the ends of which passed through the floor, and rested on abutments, and, at the corner where the alleged accident occurred, the distance from where the arch passed through the floor to the corner of the bridge was about 5| feet, and, from the point where such arch passed through the floor of the bridge to the corner of the same, there has never been any railing. There are two driveways across the bridge, with a dividing curb of a few inches in height above the floor, and the same -kind of coping extends along the sides of the bridge the whole length of the same. Extending from the corner of the bridge, along the creek, and connecting with the abutment of the bridge, is a wall built by the testator on his own land, called a “wing wall,” which is about a foot lower than the *629bridge, and along the outer side of this wall there is no railing or barrier. The proof shows that the testator was for many years accustomed to pass across this bridge from his house to the mills and return several times a day, and also in the evening of almost each day. The case does not disclose that any accident had ever happened at this point in the bridge. It appears to have been a custom of this testator to visit his mills in the evening, and on Sunday evening of the 11th of January, at about 5 o’clock, which at that season of the year was after sundown, the deceased left his house, and went to the mill, taking with him no lantern. As the evening- advanced it became very dark and rainy, so that others who crossed the bridge testify that they carried lanterns. The evidence does not disclose the whereabouts of the deceased from the time he went to the mill, at about 5 P. M., until his groans attracted attention, at half past 8, and he was found seated against the abutment of the bridge, in or near the bed of the creek, at the base of the abutment. The evidence shows that the commissioners of highways of the defendant had funds with which they might,if they desired or deemed it necessary, have constructed a railing on this part of the bridge near which the testator was found. Ho complaint appears to have been made to the commissioners that this was a dangerous place, or that the public safety required the construction of a railing at that point. At the conclusion of the testimony the defendant asked the court to dismiss the complaint upon the following grounds:
‘"First. The plaintiff has failed to show any act of negligence on the part of the defendant, the town of Chatham. Second.' There is no evidence whatever authorizing the jury to find that the deceased was free from negligence contributing to cause the injury complained of.”
In granting the nonsuit on this motion we think the learned trial judge decided correctly. The absence in the proof of either of the essential elements which the plaintiff must affirmatively establish jto enable him to recover in this class of actions is always fatal to his right of recovery. He must show by competent proof—First, the negligence of the defendant; and, second, that the injured party ■was himself free from contributory negligence. In this case the learned judge held that the proof was sufficient to justify the submission of the question of the defendant’s negligence to the jury. But that alone would not justify a recovery. The other elements must also be proved. There must, upon the other branch, be such evidence as will authorize the jury to find from it that the plaintiff’s testator was free from contributory negligence. Harshly as this rule may seem to operate in some cases, it is nevertheless too thoroughly crystalized into our jurisprudence to be ignored or questioned. In Cordell v. Railroad Co., 75 N. Y. 330, the rule is reiterated by Earl, J., in the following emphatic language:
“To maintain this action the plaintiff must show that the death of the intestate was caused solely by the negligence of the defendant; and this she must show by. competent proof. It must not be left to mere speculation. She has the burden, upon the whole case, to show that the negligence of the intestate did not in any degre'e contribute to the accident.”
*630In Reynolds v. Railroad Co., 58 N. Y. 248, the court, per Andrews, J., say:
“We think the judgment must be reversed, on the ground that there was no evidence in the case upon which the jury was authorized to find the absence of negligence on the part of the plaintiff’s intestate which contributed to Ms death. * * * The jury must be authorized to find affirmatively that the person injured was free from fault wMch contributed to the accident, or the action is not maintained. If tMs element is wanting in the case, the court may nonsuit, or set aside a verdict for the plaintiff. TMs rule is now too firmly settled in tMs state to be disturbed.”
And in Connolly v. Ice Co., 114 N. Y. 104, 21 N. E. Rep. 101, the court (Bradley, J.) say:
“The further question is whether it appeared that the plaintiff exercised the care required of Mm. The burden was with Mm to make it so appear by evidence.”
In Bond v. Smith, 113 N. Y. 378, 21 N. E. Rep. 128, the plaintiff’s intestate feff down an areaway in an alley where he was employed as a watchman. The area was protected only by a stone coping a few inches high. The evidence showed that the intestate had passed this area more than 200 times since he had been on duty in the alley. The court, per Earl, J., said: '
“There is not the least evidence showmg how the accident happened. When he was found and taken out, he gave no account of it. * * * The alley was not lighted on that night, and, as all the buildings were from four to six stories Mgh, it must have been dark. But the darkness was obvious, and the danger known, and hence care was demanded of the intestate. How, then, did the accident happen? How came he to fall over this stone copmg into this known place of danger? The evidence does not tell us. It is an unsolved mystery. No plausible theory ■ can be suggested to account for it. We have no right to guess that he was free from fault. It was mcumbent upon the plaintiff to show it by a preponderance of evidence. She furnished the jury with nothing from ■ wMch they could infer the freedom of the intestate from fault. She simply furMshed them food for speculation, and that will not do for the basis of a verdict. The law demands proof, and not mere surmises. The authorities are ample to show, in such case, the plaintiff should have been nonsuited. Judgment for plaintiff reversed.”
Is is quite true that the court, in Hart v. Bridge Co., 80 N. Y. 622, says that—
“When, from the circumstances shown, inferences are to be drawn wMch are not certain and incontrovertible, and may be differently made by different mmds, it is for the jury to make them.”
But I fail to see the application of that rule to this case. Here tke case is barren of all acts about which any rational opinion can be formed. It is true, the field for conjecture is wide, but that conjecture is not fortified by any evidence except that the deceased was out in the dark, and was found at the foot of the precipice, injured and dying. As was said by the learned trial judge in pronouncing his opinion on the nonsuit:
“I think there is an utter absence of proof that the deceased was free from negligence. The evidence is silent on the subject. There was no railing on tMs bridge, and the Mght was dark. He was familiar with the place; presumably knew of its dangerous character. He is found at the foot of tMs abutment, underneath this place, suffering from injuries in consequence of wMch *631ho died. Whether he himself was free from negligence, thoughtlessly walked over that place, without taking any steps whatever to guard himself from doing it, what he was doing at the time, there is no evidence whatever. The law cannot presume freedom from negligence.”
Like other facts, it must be proved, either by direct evidence, or by circumstances which the jury may properly consider.
The judgment must be affirmed, with costs. All concur.