In the year 1889 the village of Westfield caused to be prepared plans and specifications for waterworks for the village. Bids were invited from contractors. The plaintiff, who was a contractor and engineer, submitted a bid or proposal sheet for the work, which was accepted by the defendant, and a written contract, based upon the plans and specifications and proposal sheet, was entered into between the parties on the 19th day of July, 1889. The scheme contemplated taking the water from a stream several miles from the village, at a point called the “Intake.” From this point the water was to be first conducted through a vitrified pipe line to a point upon the lands of one Hawley, where were to be constructed a filter and small reservoir) known in the case as the “Hawley Filter and Reservoir.” From there a pipe line was to conduct the water to the village, where it was to be distributed through iron mains along the various streets specified in the contract. These mains connected with a large reservoir upon the lands of one Kent, known in the case as the “Kent Reservoir.” A full and particular description of the various parts of the system was contained in the specifications, and particular rules were stated, to guide bidders. For the reservoirs, excavations, and filling, bids were required to be made by the solid yard, once measured, only, in the dikes; for the ditches, by the solid yard of excavation only; for the iron and vitrified pipe lines, by the running foot. 'At the end of the specifications was the following: “Note. The vitrified pipe line is mostly,' and the tunnels are entirely, to be in soft, shale rock.” The plaintiff’s proposal sheet was submitted to the defendant in line with the specifications, with a few modifications. He bid a lump sum of $1,500 for the Hawley filter and cistern; $100 for the valve house at the main reservoir; for the work upon the Kent reservoir, 21 cents per cubic yard, measured in the dike (modifying, as will be observed, the defendant’s specifications, which provided that the filling should be measured once, only, in the dikes); for the vitrified and iron pipe, by the running foot, at different prices, stated in the bid,—and, under the head of “Remarks,” stated:
“This bid to be considered only as a whole, and in no case as a part.” “I hereby agree to enter into a formal contract with you, to furnish such labor and materials, according to the advertisements and specifications, within five days after notice is given to me that you are willing to accept the proposal, in all, as called for in the advertisements.”
*442Plaintiff’s bid was accepted by the defendant, and a written ■contract was entered into by the parties on the 1st day of July, 1889, which provided, among other things, that the plaintiff, in consideration of the payments to be made to him by the village, agreed to furnish all the labor and materials, and do the work, required to complete the work as named in the proposal sheet annexed, “as the same is more fully described in the printed and written specifications hereto annexed;” that he would do the work according to the plans and specifications, according to the true intent and meaning of his proposal sheet and such plans and specifications. The contract required the village to appoint a competent person to supervise the work as it progressed. It further provided as follows:
“The party of the first part [the village] agrees that their executive committee will cause an estimate to be made, before the 10th day of each month, of the value of the labor and materials on all work completed up to the first day of the same month, and will on said tenth day of each month pay to the party of the second part [the defendant], as a partial payment, ninety per ■cent, of the contract price of such completed work, and will within twenty days after the completion of the work cause a final and complete estimate of the labor and materials furnished by the party of the second part under the contract, in accordance with said proposal sheet and specifications, and accepted by the board under this agreement, and will gay to the party of the ■second part, at the ratio named in this proposal sheet, the balance found him due, withbut undue delay.”
It further provided that if the plaintiff failed to prosecute the work diligently, and complete the same by the 1st day of December, 1889, to the satisfaction of the village, it was at liberty to suspend the execution of the agreement, and annul the same. The plaintiff made a deposit of $2,000 as security for the performance of the ■contract. This the contract provided should be repaid to him upon the completion of the work. The plaintiff entered upon the work, and prosecuted the same till the fore part of December, when the defendant, being dissatisfied with the progress and the manner •of performing the work, terminated the contract; and this action was brought by the plaintiff to recover $10,000 damages for breach ■of the contract. The case was referred to a referee, to hear and determine; and he reported in favor of the plaintiff for the amount ■of the deposit, $2,000, and interest, and an item or two of extra work, amounting in all to the sum of $2,515.70. From the judgment entered, this appeal was taken.
Whether the conclusions of the referee are to be sustained depends upon the construction which should be given- to the contract. He held that the plaintiff had failed to perform the contract within the time agreed, and to perform the work as agreed, and that the defendant was therefore justified in declaring the contract terminated. Within a few days after making the contract, plaintiff commenced work upon the Kent reservoir. In a few days thereafter he received notice in writing from Kent, the owner of the land on which the reservoir was being constructed, directing him to discontinue work for the reason stated in the notice,—that no arrangement had been made for the purchase of the land by the defendant, *443-and threatened to prosecute the plaintiff if he did not desist. The plaintiff, upon advice of his counsel, ceased work upon the reservoir for something over a month. The village had caused a survey and map to be made of the lands of Kent intended to be taken, and had filed the same, pursuant to chapter 211 of the Laws of 1885, and therefore had the right to enter upon the lands; but this was not known to the plaintiff, during the suspension of his work thereon. The lawyer with whom he advised does not seem to have been aware of this act. He had in mind, undoubtedly, as was quite natural he should, the general condemnation law. Plaintiff testified that he relied upon the advice of his counsel, and suspended work because of the notice; and his evidence in that particular is not contradicted. It is also contended by the plaintiff, and the evidence tends to show, that, in digging the trenches and tunnels for the vitrified pipe line, he encountered a very large amount of hard rock; that the excavations for the tunnels, instead of being entirely in soft, shale rock, were largely made up of hard rock, which required blasting; and that he was, in consequence, very greatly delayed in the progress of the work. The learned referee held and decided that the note mentioned at the end of the specifications— that the vitrified pipe «line is mostly, and that the tunnels are entirely, to be in soft, shale rock—was not a part of the contract, for the reason, as stated in his opinion printed in the case, that at the time the plans and specifications were circulated the vitrified pipe line had not been staked out and located, but that at the time the proposal sheet was executed by the plaintiff, and delivered to the defendant, the line had been staked out and located so that it could be traced and followed, and that the plaintiff, in his proposal sheet, offered to do the work in a complete manner according to the specifications, and that the formal contract made no mention of this note at the foot of the specifications. There were 1,225 feet of tunnels, as estimated in the plaintiff’s proposal. His bid was for the entire vitrified pipe line, without extra charge for the tunneling. The plans and specifications and the proposal bid of the plaintiff are all referred to in the contract, and are stated to be annexed thereto. They were, without objection, received in evidence. While the exact route of the pipe line had not been located at the time bids were invited, the evidence tends to show that the plaintiff relied, in making his bid, upon the representation as to the character of the excavations, and assumed that it was as described in the defendant’s specifications; and we think it must be held to be a part of the contract, and that it amounted to a warranty on the part of the defendant as to the quality of the excavation. It is a matter of common knowledge that in making contracts for such work the character of the material to be excavated is an important factor. The referee construed that part of the contract requiring the defendant to make an estimate before the 10th day of each month of the value of the labor and materials on all work completed up to the 1st day of the same month to mean, as applied to the pipe line, that, before the plaintiff was entitled to an estimate, he must have *444the portion of the work for which he required an estimate entirely completed,—that is to say, he must have dug the trench, laid the pipe, soldered the joints, filled the trench, and leveled the ground over the trench,—and, as to the work upon the Kent reservoir, that he was not entitled to an estimate until it was entirely completed. For the work upon the Kent reservoir, as stated, the plaintiff was to receive 21 cents per cubic yard for excavating., and placing earth in the dike. The learned referee finds that the plaintiff commenced work upon the reservoir, and put into the embankment or dike between seven and nine thousand yards of earth, but that at the time he abandoned the work there was left considerable work to be done to complete the same, and that he was not entitled to an estimate upon it, for the reason that he had not entirely completed it. He found, as a conclusion of law, “that, for work and labor done on the vitrified and iron pipe line, the plaintiff was not entitled to an estimate for its value on the 1st of the month, unless, as a matter of fact, the trenches had been dug, the pipe laid therein,, and covered, as required by the contractand he applied that rule to all the work which had been done when the contract was declared terminated by defendant.
A rational and equitable construction should be given to this contract, with a view to effectuate, rather than defeat,- the intentions of the parties in making it. It will aid in its construction to consider the situation and condition of the parties at the time the contract was made. The defendant was desirous of obtaining a water system. To that end, it was necessary that the party doing the work should be furnished with funds at stated periods, as the work progressed, in amounts as large as it was safe for the village to. advance. It was agreed that monthly estimates should be made, and that the defendant should pay 90 per cent, of the value of the labor and materials on all work completed up to the 1st day of the month. The 10 per cent, was reserved as a factor of safety to the defendant. The contract contemplated that the village would employ an expert engineer, who should, at the beginning of each month, make an estimate of the amount of work completed by the plaintiff, and determine the amount that it would be pru.dent, under the contract, for the village to pay to aid bim in carrying on his work. There was no practical difficulty in the expert engineer estimating the amount the plaintiff was entitled to for the work performed at the close of a month, taking into view the contract price for the work. It was not absolutely essential that the work should be finished and completed, to enable bim to make such an estimate. It is suggested by respondent’s counsel that there was no basis for such an estimate until the work was completed, as some portions of the line might be more expensive than other parts, and, if the engineer was to estimate it in detail,, it might lead to an overestimate. We are not able to appreciate the force of this suggestion. We must assume that an educated and competent engineer, knowing the amount to be paid for the different parts of the work, would be able to estimate with reason*445able accuracy the proportion of the work done, at any stage in its progress. The plaintiff would not be entitled to an estimate until some material, substantial part of the work had been performed. The plaintiff had done a very considerable amount of labor upon the Kent reservoir. There was no apparent difficulty in estimating the amount. The work upon it extended over several months. And we are not willing to accept the theory that the contract contemplated an entire completion of the Kent reservoir before the contractor was entitled to an estimate. The parties did not so construe the contract, for, in making estimates, they did not measure the length of the pipe which had been laid, and the work thereon entirely completed, but general estimates were made of work as it progressed. While the contract speaks of an estimate being made upon work completed, we think the parties used the word “completed” in the sense of work done or performed. “Complete” is defined by lexicographers as “to consummate, execute, achieve, realize.” After the October estimate and payment, the plaintiff, needing more money to prosecute the work, applied to the defendant to advance him the sum of $7,500 as a payment upon his contract. He had at the time a large quantity of iron pipe upon the ground, which had not been laid in the trenches. The defendant agreed to, and did, make the advancement; and the plaintiff gave to the defendant a written bill of sale of the pipe, in words and figures following:
“Westfield, N. Y., October 14, 1889.
“In consideration of the board of water commissioners o.f the village of Westfield advancing to me the sum of seven thousand five hundred dollars over and above the estimate made on the 8th inst., I hereby sell, transfer, assign, and set over unto the said commissioners all the iron pipe and specials, and vitrified pipe and specials, distributed along the line of the proposed waterworks, and at the railroad station, to belong to and be a part of the system of the waterworks property, as incompleted work on my contract with-the said board, which pipe now belongs to me, and is free from any other claim or incumbrance whatever, except as by this instrument. [Signed by the plaintiff.]”
A part of this iron pipe was afterwards laid in trenches by the plaintiff. The remainder of it (the referee not finding the precise , amount) was left upon the premises at the time the plaintiff quit the job, and was thereafter used by the defendant in completing the work. The referee held that the plaintiff was not entitled to credit for the value of the pipe thus transferred to defendant, or any part thereof, as it was not laid in trenches, and covered, as required by the contract, so as to become a part of completed work. The referee found that, at the contract price, the work which had been completed on the 10th day of December, when plaintiff left the job, amounted to $28,328.85. What it would have been, had he given a different construction to the contract, does not appear. It would, manifestly, have been a much larger sum; for the work on the Kent reservoir, alone, for which nothing was allowed, amounted, at the contract price, to from $1,500 to $2,000. Had plaintiff been credited the value of the pipe sold to the defendant, the amount would have been that much larger. If our views of the construction *446which should have been given to the contract are correct, it follows that the judgment should be reversed, and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event. All concur; HAIGHT, J., in the result.