Two grounds of error are urged on this appeal, for which it is claimed by the appellants that this judgment should be reversed: (1) That the court erred in taking the case from the consideration of the jury, and directing a verdict; (2) that the trial judge erred in excluding certain evidence offered by the plaintiff on the trial.
Edward H. Hawke died in the city of Hew York at the residence of his daughter Elizabeth H. Wilson, leaving, him surviving, his children, Edward H. Hawke, Jr., aged about 35 years, Bessie Wilson, aged about 32 years, Alice Hawke, aged about 25, and Madison Genn Hawke, aged about 23, years, being all of the children of the deceased, who was, at the time of his death, a widower. He left an estate, consisting of real and personal property, valued at about the sum of $225,000. The testator left two instruments in writing purporting to be a will and codicil, the former dated January 15, 1892, and the latter dated January 16, 1892. In and by the will he bequeathed to his son Edward H. Hawke $5,000, to be paid to Mm by the executor, with a condition that if he disputed the will, or the-validity of the same, such legacy should not be paid to him, but the same, in that event, should be paid to Elizabeth H. Wilson, daughter-of deceased. To the respondent Susan Bristo Skelding, the testator, by this will, gave a legacy of $10,000, and all the rest of his property was, by specific demonstrative and general devises and bequests under this will, left to the three children of the testator, Genn,. Bessie, and Alice. The respondents Alice Hawke and Madison G. Hawke were named as executors, and by the codicil he appointed Bessie Wilson as executrix, to act as such only in the event of the death of one of the first-named executors, and without being required to give a bond. The will and codicil were presented to the surrogate of Saratoga county for probate, and on the return day of citations thereof the appellant, Edward H. Hawke, Jr., appeared, and filed contesting allegations. After the examination of the subscribing witnesses, the contestant withdrew Ms objections, and the will and codicil were admitted to probate. Immediately thereafter the two actions in which this appeal has been taken were commenced. Issue being duly joined in such actions under the provisions of section 2653a of the Code of Civil Procedure, as amended in 1892, the cases came on for trial at a circuit court held in Sara-toga county on the 15th day of April, 1894, before a justice of this-court and a jury. A verdict against the plaintiff in the first-named' action, and in favor of the plaintiff in the second above-entitled action, was directed by the trial judge, upon which judgments were-entered, and from which the appellants appeal to this court.
The provisions of section 2653a furnish a method of reviewing the probate of a will, which did not exist prior to the amendment of the Code of Civil Procedure in 1892. By the terms of that added section the questions to be heard and considered are specifically defined as follows:
“The issue of the pleadings in such action shall be confined to the question of whether the writing produced is, or is not, the last will or codicil of the-testator, or either. It shall be tried by a jury, and the verdict thereon shall. *972be conclusive as to real or personal property, unless a new trial be granted, or the judgment thereon be reversed or vacated.”
Before the enactment of this provision of the statute there were three methods of reviewing the probate of a will,—one by the presentation of a petition, within one year after the decree admitting the same to probate, by any person interested in the estate of the deceased, containing allegations against the validity of the will, and praying for a revocation of the probate (Code Civ. Proc. §§ 2647, 2648); another by an appeal to the general term of the supreme court from a decree admitting a will to probate (Code, § 2570), and “if the appeal is taken upon a petition to admit a will to probate, or to revoke the probate of a will, this court may make an order directing the trial by jury, of the material questions of fact arising upon the issues between the parties.” Section 2588 of the Code, while it directs that the issues of fact must be tried by a jury, does not provide, as is provided by section 2653a, that the verdict shall be conclusive; yet in Re Booth, 13 N. Y. St. Rep. 348, which arose under section 2588, Daniels, J., in discussing the provisions of that section, says:
“The statute has required that the contested facts in the case where the decree of the surrogate has been set aside in this manner shall be tried by a jury. By that requirement an effectual trial has been intended; and when, for any reason, the verdict of a jury has been set aside, the cases must be submitted to another jury for the hearing and decision of the issue. They are the tribunal selected by the statute for this purpose.”
A will of real estate may also be attacked when the title comes in question, although the will may have been admitted to probate' in surrogate’s court. The provisions of section 2653a furnish a new and distinct method by this action, of either attacking a will and the probate of the same, or of confirming the validity of a will, as well of real as of personal estate, or the probate thereof, which is--quite unlike either of the original methods of review, above referred to. We are therefore compelled to construe this statute largely upon the language of the section itself. The language of this statute, as we have seen from the above quotation, is peculiar, and gives the verdict of a jury in such a case a conclusiveness and effect which does not follow from a verdict in any other case to which our attention has been directed; and while ordinarily, in a common-law action, questions of fact must be tried by a jury, and their verdict upon disputed questions of fact will not be interfered with on appeal, yet in cases where the verdict is so manifestly against the weight of evidence as to show, on the part of the jury, passion, prejudice, or gross misapprehension, amounting to evidence of fraud, the court may and ought to set it- aside for that reason. But in that class of cases there is no mandate of the statute that the verdict ■shall be conclusive. The statute under consideration in this case ■sharply defines the issue, by whom it shall be tried, and what effect is to be given to the verdict. The question to be heard is “whether •the writing produced is, or is not, the last will and codicil of the •testator, or either.” That question “shall be heard by a jury,” and the verdict thereon shall be conclusive as to the real and personal *973property. We are referred to a line of cases, by the learned counsel for the respondents, which hold that it is the duty of the trial judge to direct a verdict for the defendant in cases where the court would be required to set aside the verdict for the plaintiff for want of evidence to uphold it, or when there is such an overwhelming preponderance of evidence against the plaintiff’s theory as to evince fraud, passion, or prejudice on the part of the jury. The soundness of the doctrine of those cases cannot be gainsaid, or their authority questioned. But it by no means follows, as a corollary from these cases, that the legislature has not, by the enactment of this added section, taken this class of cases out of the operation of the rule above referred to. As bearing upon that question, the learned counsel for the respondents propounds the very pertinent inquiry: “Suppose the contestant had offered no evidence whatever, could it reasonably be contended, then, that the court had no power to direct a verdict?” While this question sharply presents the argument of the learned counsel, it is not necessary that it should be answered in this case, because the plaintiff did in fact produce a mass of testimony, some of which amounted to some evidence bearing upon the factum of this will, and competent to be considered by the jury, as it was considered by the court, upon the question of mental soundness, of the testator, and also the question of undue influence. These questions were both raised by the issue in the case, and, as the proponent’s side of the issue was prima facie established by probate of the will before the surrogate under the statute, the burden rested with the contestant to overcome such prima facie case by evidence. Within well-settled rules of law, the contestant is entitled to every legitimate inference deducible from the evidence offered by the plaintiff before he can be nonsuited, or a verdict can be directed against him. The plaintiff is therefore entitled, upon this appeal, to the benefit of all the facts which his evidence tends to establish. Wylie v. Bank, 61 N. Y. 415-417.
“If the result of facts to be found from all the evidence in the case, uncontradicted though that evidence may be, were of so doubtful a nature that different and equally intelligent and unbiased men might fairly differ in opinion as to its character, then the jury, under proper instructions from the court, should examine the evidence, and find the facts which are properly to be inferred therefrom.” Bank v. Sloan, 135 N. Y. 371-383, 32 N. E. 231.
In Hastings v. Insurance Co., 138 N. Y. 479, 34 N. E. 289, O’Brien, J., in discussing the propriety of submitting disputed questions of fact to a jury, uses this language:
“However improbable the testimony of a witness may appear, who testifies to a fact not in itself impossible in the ordinary course of events, the credibility, force, and effect of such testimony is for the jury.”
In Hart v. Bridge Co., 80 N. Y. 622, it was held that where, from the circumstances shown from the evidence, inferences are to be drawn which are not certain and incontrovertible, and as to which persons might differ, it is for the jury to decide. In Powell v. Powell, 71 N. Y. 73, the court say:
“It is the province of the jury not only to pass upon conflicting evidence, but, when different inferences may be drawn from evidence or the conduct of parties, to draw the inference.”
*974Without undertaking to repeat here the mass of evidence offered by the contestant in this action, which was received by the court at the trial, from which it is claimed by him that inferences might be legitimately drawn that the testator’s mind was impaired, and also that he was the subject of undue influence, we think there was enough on those subjects to make them questions of fact for the jury. The evidence from which it is claimed the testator’s intellect was impaired consisted mainly of changes, noticed, and sworn to by witnesses, in his conduct, his occasional fits of anger, shown in the management of his farm and stock, and other acts of emotional conduct related by the witnesses, upon which was predicated the hypothetical question propounded to the experts, from which they formed and expressed their opinions that he was of unsound mind, to which may also be added the testimony of his failing physical health. All these, and others ■to which I need not advert, furnished, as we think, some evidence on which, within the rules established in the well-settled law of evidence, .and within the decisions from which we have quoted, questions arose upon which the jury might, under proper instructions from the court, properly have passed under the ordinary rules governing trials by a jury. So, also, upon the other question, as to whether or not this will was his free and voluntary act, or the product of undue influence. Upon that branch of the case the contestant urges that the high regard which the testator always manifested for the character of the plaintiff, not only for his character, but the just pride which he entertained and expressed for his intellectual ability, up to about the time lie went to Europe with the proponents and beneficiaries under this will, raised a question of fact. This evidence is supplemented by evi-dence of estrangement on the part of the brother and sister towards the contestant at the same time that they enjoyed relations with the -testator, both while making the tour of Europe and after their return to New York, while the contestant was virtually deprived of familiar ■intercourse with, if not of access to, the testator; and all of this, followed by the practical disinheritance of the contestant, and the imposition of conditions upon his- right to the enjoyment of the pittance bequeathed to hinq furnishes some evidence, at least, upon which different minds might honestly reach different conclusions as to the question of undue influence, which, within the authorities, jnade it a proper question for the jury, even if we concede it only in ■the light of the rules of law established for the ordinary trial of questions of fact. But when we consider that this case was tried under the provisions of this special statute, which makes the verdict of the jury conclusive, and makes trial by the jury imperative, we are clearly of the opinion that the very able and experienced judge who tried this case fell into error in taking this case from the jury, and ■directing a verdict. Tested by the ordinary rules governing cases triable by a jury, we think there was sufficient evidence to justify, not only a submission to them, but to call for such submission. But, when we consider the imperative nature of the special statute under which this action is brought, to take the case from the jury is little less than a judicial repeal of the provisions of that statute. From ■the view we have taken of this case, an examination of the exceptions *975taken to the rulings of the trial judge upon the question of the admission and rejection of evidence is unnecessary. We think there must be a new trial of this action; costs to abide the event.