Appellant carried on a banking business at Addison for several years prior to the death of Mrs. Weatherby, who was his sister; and associated with him in the business as partners were Henry Baldwin, his brother, and his sister, Sarah Weatherby, the testatrix. “They did not put in any capital, and nothing was said about profits. They simply loaned their names for credit.” *644The assets of the bank all belonged to the appellant. Mrs. Weather-by’s name was connected with the bank in April, 1880. The appellant carried on a general banking business, receiving and paying out moneys, having personal supervision thereof, and aided at times by clerks and employés. The business of the appellant as a banker was carried on substantially in the same manner down to the time of the trial. The bank had no stated capital, and relied for,its credit upon the individual responsibility of the parties associated in the bank.
Appellant insists that the notes mentioned in the ninth finding of fact are barred by the statute of limitations. By the evidence it appears that, some 11 years antecedent to the death of the testatrix, she had an account with her brother’s bank, and was accustomed to make deposits in the bank which went to her credit, and was accustomed, also, to draw checks from time to time during the period extending from the opening of the account to the close of her life, and that her account was carried along in the bank without any balancing or settlement from 1880 to December 11, 1892, the date of her death. During the several years she drew from the bank, by means of checks which overdrew her account from time to time,, sums about equivalent to the interest due upon the notes which she held against her brother; and it appears that he was the sole owner of the assets from which the checks were paid. As between him and her he was entitled to use the assets in the manner in which he did, by advancing moneys upon checks which she drew in the course of her transactions with her brother at his bank. From the evidence it is quite apparent that she, in drawing the checks, intended to receive from her brother a sum at least equivalent to the interest accruing upon the notes which she held against him. The circumstances attending the interview between the appellant and his co-executor, Manley, about the time the inventory was under preparation, point largely to an understanding on the part of the appellant that such was the intention of the testatrix in overdrawing her account, and such was his intention in honoring the checks and advancing money to her from time to time. When he and his co-executor met, a statement was prepared of the amount of her account, showing the precise condition of the same, reference being had to the deposits which she had made, and to the drafts and checks which she had drawn upon the account; and the aggregate of the advances made by the appellant to her were in the neighborhood of $5,048.89 in excess of the deposits made by her during that period. A consideration of all the evidence produced before the, surrogate very clearly warranted the conclusion reached by the surrogate that the advances were understood by the appellant, as well as by the testatrix, to be towards and for the interest upon the notes held by her against him. The evidence fully warranted the finding,, viz.:
“That at divers dates since the dates, respectively, of the indorsements on said notes, said James Baldwin paid to said testatrix, as payments to apply on said notes, divers sums, by directly paying to her and for her benefit.”
*645There is no evidence to indicate any other purpose in advancing money upon the checks, as she had no other claims against him upon which the several sums advanced through the instrumentality of the checks could be applied. The evidence warrants the presumption that where there is a delivery of money by one person to another, whether in cash or in checks, and no explanation is offered thereof, the party paying or delivering the same intends the same as a payment of an antecedent debt, and not of a loan. Poucher v. Scott, 33 Hun, 223, affirmed 98 N. Y. 422; Grating v. Heilmann, 1 App. Div. 260, 37 N. Y. Supp. 253. In the course of the opinion delivered in Sayles v. Olmstead, 66 Barb. 590, the court said:
"There Is no principle better settled than that, where one pays money to another, in the absence of any explanation as to the cause of the payment, the presumption is that it was paid because it was due, and not by way of a loan.”
Appellant calls our attention to Crow v. Gleason, 141 N. Y. 493, 36 N. E. 497. In that case it was said:
“If there be a mere naked payment of money, without anything to show on what account, or for what reason, the money was paid, the payment will be of no avail under the statute. The payment must be made under such circumstances as to show a recognition of a larger debt remaining unpaid.”
We think the circumstances disclosed by the evidence in this case very clearly indicate that the appellant, when he advanced the moneys to his sister in the manner and under the circumstances disclosed by the evidence, intended to have the same applied on the indebtedness which she held against him, and that she, on receiving the money under the circumstances, intended to apply the same on the notes which she held against him. The confidential relations existing between brother and sister, to which were superadded the confidence which she had reposed in him by loaning to him her name in his business as banker, as well as the interpretation which he put upon the circumstances when he held the interview with his co-executor, quite satisfactorily indicate that it was the understanding of the parties, at the time that the several advances were made, that the money should be applied upon the indebtedness which she held in notes against him. The facts disclosed by the evidence in this case differ very essentially from the case of Crow v. Gleason, 141 N. Y. 493, 36 N. E. 497.
In the course of the opinion delivered in Adams v. Olin, 140 H. Y. 160, 35 H. E. 448, it was said that a payment, to operate as an admission, must have been a deliberate act of a debtor, evidencing, or accompanied by some evidence of, an intention to thereby acknowledge to his creditor the existence of a greater indebtedness. It was also said, viz.:
“Without the written evidence of an acknowledgment of the debt, which the statute requires, a payment, to be effectual as an acknowledgment, because a recognition of an indebtedness, must enable us to infer from the circumstances, if without any other evidence, the debtor’s intent that it shall be so taken by his creditor.”
In that particular case the payments relied upon to take the debt out of the statute, which the court held were insufficient, were not made until the period of limitation had elapsed. Hot so in the case *646before us. In Steven v. Lord (Sup.) 32 N. Y. Supp. 309, it appeared that payments on account of the interest upon the note in suit were made every year between July, 1880, and July, 1892, and that, under the circumstances disclosed in that case, there was manifest a full recognition of the note as an outstanding unpaid obligation, and that, therefore, the statute of limitations did not apply.
There was no proof given of any agreement on the part of Mrs. Weatherby to pay interest upon overdrafts, nor was she at any time notified dr required to make payment of interest on the overdrafts; and the acquiescence of the brother banker in the overdrafts apparently was upon the understanding that the same were caused with the intention on her part of securing from him the interest due to her upon the notes which she held against him. The testimony of what took place when the inventory was prepared, and of the interviews between the appellant and Mr. Manley, shed considerable light upon the intention of the appellant in respect to the advances made to his sister, and, coupled with the acts and payments actually made, support the conclusion of fact pronounced in the surrogate’s findings, and warrant his conclusion of law that the statute of limitations was not a defense to the notes. The foregoing views lead to an affirmance of those parts of the decree appealed from.
Portions of the surrogate’s decree appealed from affirmed, with costs against the appellant. All concur.