In the statement of the case upon the points of the plaintiff’s counsel, it is stated as follows: “ The brake upon the car in question and the apparatus attached thereto were of the most primitive and awkward construction, the brake tackle was placed on the car in the position most likely, should any part of it give way, to cause injury; no one of the modern improvements and inventions were introduced into its construction. It was placed on the wrong side of the car, and the dog, whose office it is to hold the wheel in 'position when wound up, was placed on the wrong side of the ratchet. In addition to these defects the shelf or step upon which the brakeman stands was without guard to prevent his slipping, and no seat was provided for his use on the roof; the dog operated with the foot and not automatically as it should have done.”
The evidence to establish these facts was objected to and received under exception, and was, I think, all inadmissible. The proof was directed to show that the car on, or from which the plaintiff was injured, was not constructed and fitted up after the latest and most approved models. One error in this connection was in applying to plain and rough freight cars, as between master and servant, the strict rules applicable to cars for the transportation of passengers, as against or in favor of a passenger injured or person crossing-railroads. The rule asserted in the case of Costello v. S. & B. R. R. Co., 65 Barb. 92, was in favor of a person not in the employ of, or connected with the railroad company. A child in that case was run over in the street, which accident might probably have been avoided if the railroad company had had in use the best improved class of brakes. The rule that the carrier of passengers is hound to use all precautions so far as human skill, care and foresight will go for the safety of his passengers (Hegeman v. Western R. R. Co., 13 N. Y. 9) has no application to carriers of freight as between master and ¡ servant.
The plaintiff was employed as a brakeman on freight cars. He knew what and where his work was and was to he, and fixed his wages in view of the danger and risks he ran in that particular department of labor. He engaged to work, and went to work freely *257and intelligently upon that particular class of cars, upon one of which he received his injury. The rule is well settled and generally recognized, that a servant in any and every branch of business assumes all the perils and risks which grow out of, attend, or are in any manner incident to, the duties he undertakes to discharge. Redf. on Railway, § 131; Warner v. Erie Railway Co., 39 N. Y. 468; Ryan v. Towle, 24 id. 416; Wright v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 25 id. 416.
The obligation of the master to his servant, as the rule is asserted in Lanning v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 49 N. Y. 532, is “ that the servant shall be exposed to no risks from imperfect or inadequate machinery, or other material, means and appliances, or from unskillful or incompetent fellow servants.” The imperfect or inadequate machinery intended in this rule means such imperfections or inadequacy as are latent, and not visible or obvious to the senses, and such as are unknown to the servant and cannot be ascertained or guarded against by the exercise of proper care and due caution on his part.
Within this rule the plaintiff undertook to work on these cars, just as they were in point of model and construction. He knew they were freight cars, and some of them of an old style and pattern; he might have objected or refused to work on cars thus constructed; he saw and knew the character of the brakes and on which side of the cars they were placed, and how they were managed and controlled, and that they had not spring dogs, or those of the most improved kind used on passenger cars. Considerable evidence was given on the trial comparing the model of the brake upon the car in question with other models, and the case contains a plan annexed to it of three different models used before the jury, and to which the above and other testimony referred. All of this testimony, I think, was inadmissible, and embraced within the defendant’s objections and exceptions.
This whole class of testimony was adapted to confuse, embarrass and mislead the jury. They had nothing to do with other models of cars or brakes, or with the question whether other mechanics differed with those who manufactured these cars in respect to the best style and pattern of brakes or cars.
As was well said in the case of Wonder v. Balt. & Ohio R. R. Co., 3 Am. 143; 32 Md. 411: “ A railway company is not bound to change its machinery in order to apply every new invention or supposed improvement in appliances; and the employee who consents *258to operate the machinery already provided by that company, knowing its defects, does so at his own risk.”
As these views involve necessarily a new trial, I think it unadvisable to discuss the questions raised on the motion for a nonsuit and in the charge, inasmuch as since the trial the court of appeals has had under consideration the class of questions presented in that branch of the case, and have made some decisions (not yet reported) which may affect those questions. The order and judgment should therefore be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.
Judgment reversed and new trial granted.