By the Court,
Savage, Ch. J.Although the submission was under seal, no direction was given to the arbitrators as to the manner of appointing the umpire; and no adjudged case has been shewn requiring the appointment to be under seal or even in writing. Caldwell on Arbitrations, 42, sajTs,. “ It seems there should be a formal written appointment of the umpire ; the most usual way is by an endorsement made by the arbitrators upon the instrument of submission.” He refers to Still v. Halford, 4 Campb. 17, where evidence of the umpire acting with the arbitrators, and the recitals in the award, were considered insufficient to prove the appointment —Lore Ellenborough said there must be a formal act of appointment ; and to the case of Rutledge v. Thornton, 4 Taun. 704, where the court- held that an appointment of umpire need not be on stamped paper. These cases, at most, shew that an appointment in writing is proper, but they do not shew it necessary. It is not uncommon for the submission itself to be by paroi, and there is no legal objection to a paroi appointment of an umpire unless the submission require it to be in writing* The more important question, however, is *519whether in a court of law an award can be avoided by shewing partial or corrupt conduct in the arbitrators.
This question has been frequently decided both in England and in this state. It arose in Willis v. McCarmick, 2 Wils. 148, upon the plea of nil debet to debt on an award, where the court said there never was an instance where this kind of evidence was permitted to be given; it would be to suffer evidence that affects third persons, the arbitrators; an award is a judgment by judges chosen by the parties themselves; a jury in a special verdict cannot find any matter of fact dehors the award; by parity of reason, nothing dehors the award can be given to them in evidence. In Braddick v. Thompson, 8 East, 344, the court refused to hear an argument on the question. In Barlow v. Todd, 3 Johns. R. 367, Spencer, justice, in delivering the opinion of the court, cites 2 Wils. 148, and says, “ It is now well established that at law nothing dehors the award invalidating it can be given in evidence to the jury. The arbitrators are judges chosen by the parties themselves, and their awards are not examinable in a court of law, unless the condition is made a rule of court, and then only for corruption or gross partiality. Their award is like a judgment. Courts of law cannot listen to suggestions contradicting the award or impeaching the conduct of the arbitrators.” In Cranston v. Kenney's Executors, 9 Johns. R. 212, the same learned judge reiterates the same doctrine, and adds, “Under the statute, and where the submission is agreed to be made a rule of court, power is given to the courts of common law jurisdiction to set aside any arbitration or umpirage procured by corruption or undue means; and this is the limit of the authority of those courts.” The question arose on a motion to set aside an award made upon a submission of the parties without any rule or order of the court, and the court refused to entertain it. In such case, however, the party is not remediless, but his remedy is in a court of equity. A refusal by the arbitrators to hear proper testimony, or hearing testimony ex parte, is such misconduct as will vitiate an award in a court of equity. 17 Johns. R. 410. 6 Vesey, 72.
*520An application to set aside an award in a court of law for corruption or partiality is addressed to the equitable powers of the court, and, according to the statute, must be made before the end of the term next after the award made; but matters appearing on the face of the award may be relied on to resist an attachment for not performing the award at any time when the motion for the attachment is made. 7 T. R. 73.
The true doctrine then seems to be this : that where there is an agreement to make the submission a rule of court, the award may be enforced either by action or by attachment; and in either case the defendant can resist for matter appearing on the face of the submission and award, and for such only. If the defendant wishes to avoid the award for matter dehors the award, as for corruption or partiality, he must apply for that purpose by motion within the time specified by statute. If there is no stipulation to make the submission a rule of court, or when in fact there is no rule entered, the award can be enforced by action only; and in such case the defendant may avail himself of any matter appearing on the face of the award and submission, but no other. In such case, if the person dissatisfied with the award wishes to avoid it for the improper conduct of the arbitrators, or any matter dehors the award, he has no remedy in a court of law by motion, but must apply to a court of equity. Such seems to be the law as settled on authority. Kidd, 346.
But it is said there have been some recent cases in this court in which it was decided that want of notice to the parlies of the proceeding of the arbitrators was held a good defence at law; and the case of Peters v. Newkirk, 6 Cowen, 103, is referred to, and also a subsequent case of Gould v. Gould & Banks. Peters v. Newkirk was an action on the case for making a distress when no rent was due. The rent had been liquidated at $87,75, and it was agreed that a shearing machine should be received in part payment at the appraisal of one Slurges. He appraised the machine at $85, which left $2,75 of rent due when the distress was made. The court decided that the action brought by Peters did not lie, there being rent *521due. In the opinion delivered it was said, (though not necessary to the decision of the cause,) that the appraisement was void for want of notice to the person to be charged with it. This proposition is certainly consonant to reason and good sense, and is well established as a principle of equity. The only reasons why the award of arbitrators cannot be impeached at law for corruption or improper conduct in the arbitrators, are 1. Because the award is in the nature of a judgment between the parties, rendered by judges of their own choosing; and 2. Because the arbitrators, whose conduct is impeached, have no opportunity of being heard in their defence. I shall not slop now to enquire whether these reasons are sound or not, because I consider the question too well settled on authority, to be changed by a judicial decision. As to the appraisement referred to in Peters v. Newkirk, it could hardly be dignified with the name of an award. Even if it should be so considered, it was not made the foundation of an action. It seems to me, however, there is an essential difference between an award upon matters in controversy between parties and a bare appraisement of a chattel. But if there is not, and the appraisement is to be considered an award in legal effect and operation, then it must be conceded, that point was not decided in accordance with the whole current of authority.
The case of Gould v. Gould & Banks, was this: W. Gould & D. Banks had given their bond to S. Gould for $2290. On the bond was endorsed an agreement that if the obligors performed what was required of them by an award before then made, in pursuance of an arbitration had between the parties, they should be liable to pay only one half of the condition of the bond, viz. $1145; that it should be referred to C. Sands and M. Ward to decide whether they had performed the award ; and that until it should be decided that they had not performed the award, they should not be liable to pay move than one half of the condition of the bond. S. Gould brought his suit and claimed to recover the whole of the condition, and proved by C. Sands that he and Ward decided that the obligors had not performed the award, and gave a certificate to that effect. On his cross-examination *522tlie witness stated that the decision was made on an ex parte iiearjDg 0f g_ Gould, and that he and Ward being subsequenlly satisfied that they had acted erroneous]}', they annulled the certificate. It was further proved by the defendants that Sands and Ward had in fact made their dicision on a mistaken slate of facts. The judge at the circuit charged the jury that if they should find that false representations had been made by S. Gould to the arbitrators, viz. Sands and _ Ward, and that he had urged them to make an ex parte award, without giving W. Gould and S. Banks notice, so that they might be heard, and that in consequence of such persuasions and false representations the arbitrators had been induced to make the award in question, that the award was founded in fraud and void. The jury found a verdict in conformity to this charge, and on application to this court a new trial was refused.
In reference to this case it will be observed that the question decided by the certificate was not the result of an investigation into matters in difference, but a bare decision that the parties had not performed what was required of them by a certain award, and the referees discovering that they had been imposed upon, annulled their certificate. Taking these circumstances into consideration, we were inclined to the opinion that there was no act done by these arbitrators, if they are so to be considered, obligatory upon the parties. But in reference to this case also, it must be admitted that if the first certificate given is to be considered as an award and final determination, then the decision allowing it to be attacked was incorrect.
Upon a review of those cases it certainly does not appear that this court, have intended to make any decision claiming jurisdiction on suit brought to investigate the frauds or corruption of arbitrators; that is a subject belonging to a court of equity. Such was the decision in this case in the court below, and the judgment must be affirmed with single costs.
Judgment affirmed.*
The misapprehension which appears to have existed in relation to the decisions of the court in Peters v. Newkirk, 6 Cowen, 103, and in Gould v. Gould & Banks, referred to by the C. J. in the opinion delivered by him, most *523probably has arisen solely from the mode of expression adopted in the abstract of the one case, and in the charge of the circuit judge in the other, by applying to a referenco of a collateral fact, terms which appropriately belongonly to an arbitration. In Peters v. Newkirk, the abstract at the head of the case is in these words : “An award made without giving notice to the parties, so that they can be heard before the arbitrator, is a nullityand in Gould v. Gould <§• Banks, the circuit judge charged the jury that if they should find that false representations had been made to the arbitrators, and that in consequence thereof they had been induced to make the award, such award was void. The language used certainly would create the impression that an arbitration was spoken of, whereas by examining the transactions in reference to which the expressions were used, it is manifest that neither of them was an arbitration. An arbitration is a submission by parlies of matters in controversy to the judgment of two or more individuals, who are substituted in the place of a judicatory established by law, and who are to decide the controversy, it is called a domestic tribunal, and the arbitrators Judges of the parties choosing, and is held in high estimation both by the legislature and by the courts; the legislature having made provision for carrying into effect awards made, and courts of law refusing to hear any thing dehors the awards invalidating them. A reference of a collateral fact, or the submission of a particular question, forming only a link in the chain of evidence, is not calculated to put an end to controversy ; it barely substitutes the judgment of the referee in the place of evidence, leaving the controversy open. Such reference or submission, although it has several of the characteristics of an arbitration, fails short of it in its principal feature, the ending of the controversy; public policy does not require that it should be considered as an arbitration, not has it been so treated by the courts.