By the Court,
Savage, Ch. J.The plaintiff insists that notwithstanding a search warrant may be a justification to the officer, although no stolen goods be found, yet it is not so, to the prosecutor, upon whose oath the warrant issued; and that if no goods are found upon search, trespass lies against him—and what was said by the court in Entick v. Carrington, 2 Wils. 291, is relied on. That case was an action of trespass, for breaking plaintiff’s house, and searching for papers by virtue of a warrant issued by Lord Halifax, secretary of state. The court decided that a secretary of state had no authority to issue such a warrant, and they say: 66 This case was compared to that of stolen goods: Lord Coke denied the lawfulness of granting warrants to search for stolen goods, though now (1765) it prevails to be law ; but in that case, the justice and the informer must proceed with great caution ; there must be an oath that the party has had his goods stolen, and has strong reason to believe they are concealed in such a place; but if the goods are not found there, he is a trespasser.
The case of Bostock v. Saunders, 3 Wils. 434, was an action of trespass against excise officers, for entering plaintiff’s house by virtue of a warrant issued by commissioners of excise, to search for tea suspected to be fraudulently concealed there. De Grey, chief justice, states, that the informer acts at his peril, and proceeds to say : In cases of warrants granted to search for stolen goods, the informer makes oath that a felony has been committed, and of the reasons he has for suspicion that the goods are concealed in such a place. The *384execution of these warrants depends upon the event; the search is lawful if the goods are there, unlawful if not there; and although the justice of the peace and the officer may just’fy ¡n trespass, yet the informer cannot.” And he cites Hale’s Pleas of the Crown, 150. The same case is reported in 2 Blackstone, 912.
In these cases the judges seem to have relied upon the authority of Lord Hale, who says, 2 Hale’s P. C. 116, upon a warrant to search for stolen goods, the doors cannot be broken open, and therefore the entry to search by such a warrant must be per ostia aperta. In another place, p. 151, he says: “ Whether the stolen goods are in the suspected house or not, the officer and his assistants, in the day time, may enter per ostia aperta to make search, and it is justifiable by this warrant. If the door be shut, the officer, after demand to open it and refusal, may justify breaking the door, whether the stolen goods are there or not; but as to the party upon whose suggestion the warrant issued, the breaking the door is in evenlu lawful or unlawful, viz. lawful if the goods are there, unlawful if not there.” This is quoted by Burns, 3 Burns’ Justice, 106.
The doctrine in some of the books referred to is doubted, and in fact is overruled in Cooper v. Booth, 3 Esp. R. 135. That was a writ of error from the common pleas to the king’s bench. Booth had sued Cooperand others in trespass. The defendants were excise officers, and searched the plaintiff’s house by virtue of a warrant issued by the commissioners of excise, and the plaintiff recovered. Upon the argument, Lord Mansfield desired the counsel to see if there was any authority in the books for the dictum of Lord Hale; and 2 Wils. 291, and State Trials, 321, were referred to. In giving the opinion of the court, Lord Mansfield said the case was like that of Bostock v. Saunders; but they could not concur in it. That the excise officer could not be guilty of trespass in procuring or executing a warrant. If maliciously procured, he might be liable to an action on the case. He argues that the commissiouers had authority. The warrant was legal when issued; the execution was legal when executed ; and it seems a solecism to say that the regular execu*385tion of a legal warrant can be a trespass. Those proceedings were under a statute, but there seems to be a similarity in principle. There the grounds of suspicion rwere submitted to the magistrate, and he issued the warrant, if in his judgment it ought to issue. Chitty, in his Criminal Law, 1 vol. 68, after stating the general rules concerning search warrants, as that they must be granted on oath; must specify the places to be searched; must be executed in the day time, Sic; says that the door may be broken after demand, and the officer will be excused; though if the party obtaining the warrant.acted maliciously, he is liable to a special action on the case, but not to an action of trespass ; and he refers to 2 Hale's P. C. 151, 2 Hawk, ch. 13 § 17, and 3 Esp. 135, which do not support that proposition in terms, though the last case certainly goes far to establish it.
The case of Bell v. Clapp, 10 Johns. R. 263, was an action of trespass, quare clausum, fregit, and for carrying away flour. The defendants justified under a search warrant, under which they broke open the plaintiff’s door and took the flour. The plea was demurred to, and this court held the plea a good justification, and the search warrant a valid warrant when issued upon oath, specific as to place and object, executed in the day time, and the stolen goods taken in a peaceable manner. The power of the officer to break open the door is expressly recognized, as such warrants are often indispensable to the detection of crimes.
It is remarkable that no case has been produced like the present; but if the process is recognized as a valid and legal one, it seems indeed to be a solecism to say that any party acting under legal process can be a trespasser. If a person is arrested upon suspicion of felony, it is upon the ex parte oath of the complainant, yet no dictum is to be found saying that the informer in such case is liable for trespass in arresting the defendant, though he may be discharged by the justice before whom he is brought. An action may possibly be brought for malicious prosecution, if malice appear. So too, an action on the case might perhaps be brought in a case like this, if it appeared that the complainant had no ground for his proceedings, and was actuated by malicious motives. ,
*386But if we take the law as laid down by Lord Hale, it will not sustain this suit. The officer and the defendant entered, as Lord Hale expresses it, per ostia aperla, the doors were open. There was no force used; no doors were broken ; and it is only where the doors are broken, as I understand Lord Hale, that he be considers the complainant a trespasser, no goods being found on search. Upon general principles, however, I think the action cannot be sustained. The warrant having been legally and regularly issued, and duly executed in the day time, is a protection to those who executed it, in an action of trespass.
Judgment affirmed.