By the court,
Nelson, J.The act of 1813, 3 R. S. 304, created the several medical societies formed in the counties of this state bodies corporate, by the names of the medical society of the county where such societies were formed, and by that name were made capable of suing and being sued, plead- ■ ing and being impleaded, &c. and allowed to each a common seal. They are authorized to hold real and personal estate ; to examine students for admission to practice; to grant diplomas ; to make by-laws and regulations relative to the affairs, *476and property of the society; and to the admission and expulsion of members, <fcc.; and it is made the duty of the secretary of each society to provide a book, in which he shall ma^e an entry of all the resolutions and proceedings which may be had from time to time, «fee. By the general regulations concerning the practice of physic and surgery in this state, 1 R. S. 452, § 3, 7, it is provided, that if there shall be preferred to any county medical society specific charges against any member thereof, of _gross ignorance or misconduct in his profession, or of immoral conduct or habits, and two thirds of the members shall be of opinion that the charges are well founded, he shall be suspended by the society from practice, and tried before the judges of the county court.
No express power of expulsion of a member is given to these societies in the act of 1813, though it is recognized as belonging to them. Since the decision of the case of The King v. Richardson, 1 Burr. 517,541, it has been considered settled law, that a corporation aggregate has the power, as incidental to its constitution, of removing an officer or disfranchising a corporator, for reasonable cause. 2 Str. 819. Doug. 149. 2 Bacon, 21, 2 Kent's Comin. 297. Such power has however, been carefully guarded and defined, and can be exercised only, 1. Where the offence has no immediate relation to the official or corporate character of the party, but is in itself of so infamous a nature as to render the offender unfit to execute any public franchise ; 2. Where it relates merely to his official or corporate character, and amounts to breaches of the condition, tacitly or expressly annexed to his franchise or office ; and 3. Where the offence is of a mixed nature, being not only against his official or corporate duty, but also a matter indictable at common law. As to the first class, the corporation cannot remove or disfranchise without a previous conviction at common law, 1 Burr. 538 ; 2 Bacon, 26 ; and as regards the third, it is also yet questionable if that offence is sufficient to justify the exercise of his power till after a previous conviction. 2 Burr. 742, Gould, counsel, arguendo and cases cited. 2 Bacon, 26. The difficulty in respect to this class is the possibility of a difference of determination in the two jurisdictions, as the member may be removed upon the *477same facts upon which he may afterwards be acquitted on trial by jury. The acquittal would stamp by the highest authority the justice of the removal, and seems to require a restoration. Where the offence is merely against the official oath of the party, and the good government of the corporation, there is no doubt it possesses the power to try and remove or disfranchise the offender. It is a power deemed essential to the fulfilment of the object of the institution, and the orderly and faithful administration of its affairs; and cannot be considered very dangerous to the rights of the corpora-tors, when so cautiously guarded, and subject also to review by the writ of certiorari or mandamus. It is not now necessary to say that the power to disfranchise a member belongs to a private corporation. There might be a difficulty attending the exercise of it, growing out of his individual rights and the nature and purpose of these institutions, which would be incomputable with the existence of it. I perceive no objection, however, to the removal of an officer of these institutions for cause. That power seems indispensible to the protection of the rights of the corporation, which might otherwise be put in jeopardy.
The plaintiff was disfranchised in this case, because he had procured himself to be admitted a member of the medical society of Allegany, by means of false pretences and without the legal qualifications. This is the offence put forth, and upon which the corporation acted. It is obvious it does not come within any of the specified classes giving jurisdiction to that body. It was no breach of his oath, for he had taken none ; nor of his official duty, for he was not yet a member. Besides, the point has been expressly adjudged, that the power of disfranchisement or amotion cannot be exercised for a defect of original qualification ; that can be inquired into only by a quo warranto. Doug. 80, 85. 2 Bacon, 23. It is therefore clear that the medical society had no jurisdiction over the case submitted to them, and that their proceedings were coram non judice—so much so that the party instituting these proceedings, at least, cannot avail himself of the very qualified power over the subject matter thus incidentally vested, to escape responsibility.
*478It will be seen, from the above view, the case specified in the revised statutes, 1 R. S. 452, § 3,7, and which are brought under the cognizance of the judges of the county courts, do not touch this incidental power of the society, because none of them come within either class of the offences to which it is limited. I make this remark, because, on the argument, the statute was supposed materially to effect the question in this case. One qualification of the above observation should be made : the terms, immoral conduct or habits, there used, in their broadest sense, may include an offence of so infamous a nature as to bring it. within the first class ; and then, upon an indictment and conviction, the society would have power to amove. It may be well questioned, however, whether the statute should be construed as superseding the exercise of this power in such a case. It is not now important to express a decided opinion on that point.
The conclusion at which I have arrived sustains the action. The resolution was libellous, and not privileged. The introduction of it at the meeting of the society was evidence enough of its publication.
The judge, in charging the jury, advised them that it was their province to decide upon the law as well as the fact, and put the question of the jurisdiction of the society" to them under that impression. It was undoubtedly a'question of law, and unless he was right in his general position, the charge was erroneous. The learned judge must have had in his mind the provision of the constitution, art. 7, § 8; but that is confined to criminal prosecutions or indictments, and was never understood as applying to civil suits. The subsequent clause is decisive of the question; for if prosecutions meant civil proceedings, the truth would be no defence in these actions, unless published with good motives and for justifiable ends. This error, however, was in favor of the defendant, and presents no ground for a new trial.
The truth of the libel does not appear to have been made a question upon the evidence, as it is not noticed in the judge’s charge, nor was his intention directed to the point. If it had been, it would have been his duty to have submitted it to the jury. But we are bound to presume the point was *479abandoned ; and though we think the case was placed erro- . ’ , . . . . neously before the jury m many respects, the errors being all in favor of the defendant, a new trial must be denied.